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Anatomy > Brainstem and Reticular Formation > Flashcards

Brainstem and Reticular Formation Flashcards

1
Q

Three general functions of the brainstem

A

1) Conduit for info from spinal cord to cortex (white matter tracts)
2) Cranial nerve origin
3) Integrative functions (Reflexes, cardiorespiratory control, reticular formation)

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2
Q

Three subdivisions of brainstem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

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3
Q

Name and give relative locations for three main fiber tracts in brainstem.

A

1) Coritcospinal tract - anterior
2) Spinothalamic tract - anterolateral
3) Medial lemniscus - variable

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4
Q

What kind of information is carried by the medial lemniscus?

A

Tactile

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5
Q

What is the origin and destination for the spinothalamic tract and medial lemniscus?

A

Caudal medulla to thalamus.

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6
Q

Where is the obex located?

A

Bottom of 4th ventricle.

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7
Q

Distinguish between tegmentum and tectum

A

Tegmentum “floor” is posterior to the tectum “roof.” The tectum and tegmentum straddle the cerebral aqueduct.

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8
Q

Which portion of the medulla is closed? And open? What can you see through open end?

A

Caudal is closed. Rostral is open; you can see the fourth ventricle.

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9
Q

What structure constitutes the apex of the fourth ventricle?

A

Obex

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10
Q

Where is the pyramidal decussation of the medulla located? What does it contain? What’s it bounded by?

A

Located at the brainstem-spinal cord jxn. It contains the corticospinal tract. Bounded by anterolateral sulcus.

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11
Q

What cranial nerve exits the medulla via anterolateral or preolivary sulcus?

A

hypoglossal (XII)

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12
Q

Rootlets of CN IX and X emerge through what structure, out of the medulla?

A

Postolivary sulcus

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13
Q

What are the sits of nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilus?

A

Cuneate tubercle

Gracile tubercle

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14
Q

Structure that forms a large bulge on the anterior surface of brainstem

A

Basal pons.

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15
Q

What sends an axon across the middle of the pons? The lateral connection of these fibers form what structure? What pathway is this part of?

A

Pontine neurons. Middle cerebellar peduncle. Cerebropontocerebellar pathway.

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16
Q

Major cerebellar input pathway of the pons

A

Middle Cerebral peduncle

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17
Q

What CNs are associated with the pons?

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

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18
Q

Where does CN V enter pons? Through what structure?

A

Midpontine level. Cerebellar peduncle

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19
Q

Where does CN VI exit brainstem?

A

Pontomedullary junction

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20
Q

Where does CN VII exit pons? What are the two parts of this nerve?

A

Pontomedullary jxn. Small lateral sensory root, large medial motor root.

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21
Q

Where does CN VIII exit pons? What are its two parts?

A

Pontomedullary jxn. Medial vestibular division, lateral cochlear division.

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22
Q

What structure forms the roof of the fourth ventricle? What is the primary function of this structure?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle. Cerebellar outflow pathway

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23
Q

Where does the ascending auditory pathway terminate?

A

Inferior colliculus

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24
Q

Term for the band of fibers that covers the superior cerebellar peduncle in the rostral pons

A

Lateral lemniscus

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25
Q

The cerebral aqueduct, superior and inferior colliculi are located in what part of the brain?

A

Midbrain

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26
Q

The cerebral aqueduct is a remnant of what embryonic structure?

A

Lumen of embryonic mesencephalon

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27
Q

What causes lesions in the cerebral aqueduct? Why are they not uncommon?

A

CSF obstruction. Not uncommon due to narrow channel.

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28
Q

Is the superior colliculus white or gray matter? Where’s it located? What’s its function?

A

Gray. Tectum of rostral midbrain. Directs visual attention and controls eye movements.

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29
Q

Is the inferior colliculus white or gray matter? Where’s it located? What’s its function? From what does it receive input?

A

Gray. Tectum of caudal midbrain. Component of auditory system. Lateral lemniscus.

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30
Q

What structure is characterized as a large bundle of white matter at the base of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncles

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31
Q

What CNs are associated with the midbrain?

A

III, IV

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32
Q

Where is the nucleus of CN III located? What kinds of neurons does it contain?

A

Rostral midbrain. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that control pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscles

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33
Q

Where is CN IV found? What does it innervate?

A

Rostral midbrain. Superior oblique

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34
Q

What structure contains fibers from the inferior colliculus that project to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus? What pathway is this part of?

A

Inferior brachium. Ascending auditory pathway.

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35
Q

What’s the only CN that leaves the DORSAL aspect of the brainstem?

A

CN IV

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36
Q

Outline the borders of the caudal medulla

A

Caudal edge of pyramidal decussation to obex

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37
Q

Which structures in the caudal medulla are the equivalent of Lissauer’s tract and substantia gelatinosa respectively in the cord?

A

Spinal trigeminal tract, spinal nucleus of V

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38
Q

What fibers run from the inferior olivary nucleus to the contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Internal arcuate fibers

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39
Q

Rostral vs. Caudal medulla: Five structures that are unique to rostral medulla

A
  • Fourth ventricle
  • Pyramids
  • Medial lemniscus
  • Inferior olivary nuclei
  • XII, nucleus
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40
Q

Rostral vs. Caudal medulla: Three structures that are unique to caudal medulla

A
  • Central canal
  • Gracile/cuneate nuclei/tracts
  • Pyramidal decussation
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41
Q

Borders of caudal pons

A

Rostral part of fourth ventricle to rostral edge of middle cerebellar peduncle

42
Q

What attaches the caudal pons to the cerebellum?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

43
Q

Borders of rostral pons

A

Top of middle cerebellar peduncle to cerebral aqueduct

44
Q

Near what structure does the medial longitudinal fasciculus present?

A

Fourth ventricle

45
Q

Major cerebellar outflow tract? To where does it project?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle - projects to red nucleus in the midbrain and thalamus.

46
Q

Caudal vs. rostral pons: 4 structures unique to caudal pons

A
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • middle cerebellar peduncle
  • Medial lemniscus
  • Fourth ventricle
47
Q

Caudal vs. rostral pons: 4 structures unique to rostral pons

A
  • Superior cerebellar peduncle
  • Medial lemniscus
  • Small ventricular space (opening of aqueduct)
48
Q

In which portion of the brainstem does CN IV leave?

A

Caudal midbrain

49
Q

What neurotransmitter is used by substantia nigra neurons? What does this structure innervate? Loss of these neurons results in what clinically?

A

dopamine. Putamen/caudate. Parkinson’s

50
Q

Caudal vs. Rostral midbrain: What 3 structures are unique to caudal?

A

Inferior Colliculus
IV
Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle

51
Q

Caudal vs. Rostral midbrain: What 4 structures are unique to rostral?

A
  • Superior colliculus
  • III
  • Red nucleus
  • Substantia nigra
52
Q

Function of sulcus limitans?

A

Separates motor and sensory nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord

53
Q

Which CNs are GSA?

A

V, VII, IX, X

54
Q

Which CNs are GSE?

A

III IV, VI, XII

55
Q

Which CNs are GVE?

A

III, VII, IX, X

56
Q

Which CNs are SSA?

A

I, II, VIII

57
Q

Which CNs are SVE?

A

V, VII, IX, X, XI

58
Q

Functions of I-VI?

A 
I - smell
II - vision
III - Eye movement
IV - Eye movement
V - Head/neck sensation, muscles of mastication
VI - Eye movement
59
Q

Fuctions of VII-XII?

A

VII - Taste, facial expression
VIII - Hearing/balance
IX - Carotid sinus, taste, tongue, stylopharyngeus
X - Pharynx/larynx, aorta, back of ear skin
XI - Sternomastoid/traps
XII - Tongue

60
Q

How many nerve fibers are there in the brainstem total?

A

6

61
Q

What are the two types of special cranial nerve functions and what do they innervate?

A

Special sensory - hearing, equilibrium

-Branchial motor - innervate muscles derived from pharyngeal apparatus

62
Q

What supplies the anterior and medial brainstem?

A

Perforating arteries from the vertebral-basilar system

63
Q

What brainstem regions do circuferential arteries supply?

A

Lateral brainstem and cerebellum

64
Q

What structure comprises the central core of the brainstem?

A

Reticular formation

65
Q

The reticular formation extends into the cerebrum as what structure?

A

Hypothalamus

66
Q

Give examples of what the reticular formation regulates

A
  • Posture
  • Some motor
  • internal environment
  • Pain regulation
  • Sleep/wakefulness
  • Emotional tone
67
Q

Name the longitudinal zones of reticular formation from medial to lateral

A

1) Raphe/median
2) Paramedian/medial
3) Lateral

68
Q

What comprises the medial longitudinal zone?

A

Ascending/descending projections. Small and large neurons.

69
Q

What comprises the lateral longitudinal zone?

A

CN reflexes and visceral functions. Prominent in rostral medulla and caudal pons.

70
Q

Name and outline the origin and path of the two reticulospinal tracts

A

1) Medial: Starts in pons, descends ipsilaterally to anterior funiculus.
2) Lateral: Starts in medulla, descends bilaterally to lateral funiculus.

71
Q

Reticular formation/reticulospinal tracts is a major alternative to what tract in regulating spinal motor neurons?

A

Corticospinal tract

72
Q

Because of RF, what jxn can be sectioned without a cat losing ability to walk?

A

Brainstem-diencephalon

73
Q

What are the two gaze centers under reticular control and where are they located?

A

Vertical gaze center - midbrain

Horizontal gaze center - pons

74
Q

What nucleus in reticular formation controls mastication? Where is it located?

A

Supratrigeminal. Pons.

75
Q

What bodily functions are associated with the medulla vital center?

A

Respiration, swallowing/vomiting, heart rate

76
Q

Muscles of mastication do what during bruxism?

A

Co-contract

77
Q

Outline the peripheral causes theory of bruxism

A

Malocclusion causes jaw to move and contract to find resting position during sleep

78
Q

Outline the central causes theory of bruxism

A

Sleep-related dysfunction. Supratrigeminal nucleus involvement.

79
Q

How does RF relate to pain? What other structure is integral to pain suppresion?

A

RF can induce or suppress pain (e.g. wounded soldiers not in pain).

Periaqueductal gray.

80
Q

From what structure does PAG receive pain info?

A

Spinomesencephalic fibers

81
Q

How does PAG suppress pain?

A

Sends signal to raphe, then to posterior horn, where pain will originate. This dampens the signal

82
Q

What receptors are abundant in PAG/raphe

A

Opiate

83
Q

What neurotransmitter is used by raphe?

A

Serotonin

84
Q

In arousal, RF projects to what structures? What is the effect?

A

Thalamus and cortex. Heightens arousal for stimuli that demand attention.

85
Q

What two projections from the RF work together to modulate cortical activity?

A

Thalamic intralaminar nuclear projections and monoamine reticular projections

86
Q

Bilateral damage to midbrain RF results in what clinically?

A

Coma

87
Q

The ascending reticular activating system has a role in what?

A

Sleep-wakefulness cycle

88
Q

What neurotransmitter(s) are associated with nuclei communication in the brainstem?

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

89
Q

What neurotransmitter(s) are associated with nuclei communication in the hypothalamus?

A

Histamine-containing neurons

90
Q

What neurotransmitter(s) are associated with nuclei communication in the telencephalon?

A

Ach

91
Q

What system is Locus ceruleus part of? Where’s it located? What does it promote? What neurotransmitter is associated?

A

ARAS. Pons. Arousal. Norepinephrine

92
Q

Two structures in the medulla with which norepinephrine is asoociated. What are their roles?

A

1) Solitary nucleus - memory enhancement

2) Ventrolateral medulla - pain regulation

93
Q

Noradrengergic projections from locus ceruleus go everywhere - but to what structure mostly?

A

Parietal lobe

94
Q

Norepinephrine released in cortex from locus ceruleus results in what?

A
  • increased arousal

- feeling of anticipation

95
Q

Norepinephrine released in the trigeminal spinal nucleus and spinal cord comes from what structure? What does it do?

A

Ventrolateral medulla.

Suppresses incoming pain signals.

96
Q

Increased levels of norepinephrine could cause what?

A

Panic disorder

97
Q

Decreased levels of norepinephrine could result in what?

A

Clinical depression

98
Q

Two dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain?

A

1) Substantia nigra (putamen/caudate)

2) Ventral tegmental area (Limbic system).

99
Q

Two types of fibers in the Ventral tegmental area and their roles

A

Mesocortical fibers - thinking/planning

Mesolimbic fibers - reward system

100
Q

Two symptoms of schizophrenia and brain areas that cause these effects. How does dopamine affect this?

A

1) Disorganized thinking/social withdrawal - LOW levels of dopamine in frontal lobe.
2) Hallucinations - HIGH levels of dopamine in limbic system

101
Q

What raphe structure is associated with pain regulation?

A

Nucleus raphe magnus

102
Q

Activity seen in subjects with low and high levels of serotonin respectively?

A

Low: High carb consumption/binge eating

High: compulsive behavior and anorexia nervosa

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