Periods 1 and 2 Flashcards
How did Native Americans get to North and South America?
Bering Strait
What urban cultures was occupied the territory that would become the United States?
pueblo people- desert southwest, multistory stone houses
Chinook people- Pacific Northwest, hunting and foraging
The transition from what to what enabled stable economies and organized societies to prosper throughout Mesoamerica and the Southwest region of the modern-day US?
hunting and gathering to maize production enabled stable economies and organized societies to prosper througout Mesoamerica.
It also encouraged advancements in irrigation and other advanced agricultural practices.
Columbian Exchange
Europeans introduced a widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, diseases, and ideas
What did the Spanish do after Columbus returned?
conquistadors founded coastal towns, collected and exported wealth
encomienda system
crown granted colonists authority over natives, and the colonist was obliged to protect those natives and convert them to Catholicism, and in turn was entitled to the natives’ labor
What social change occurred as a result of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of North America?
mixing of cultures .leading to a racial caste system Europeans Mestizos Zambos Africans
What kept other European powers from establishing a foothold in the New World?
Spain’s navy, the Spanish Armada
What made French and English colonization of North America easier?
the defeat of the Armada by the English navy
Why were Europeans generally victorious in early conflicts between Native Americans and European settlers?
not tech- Natives had superior technology like canoes and moccasins
DISEASE= most important factor, epidemics devastated Native American settlements
Why did European nations explore the New World?
wealth and resources, converts, and wanting to play a dominant role in geopolitics
What made sailing across the Atlantic Ocean safer and more efficient?
improvements in navigation, such as the sextant
How did intercontinental trade become more organized?
the creation of joint stock companies
What joint stock company settled Jamestown?
Virginia Company
Increased trade and development in the New World also led to what?
Increased conflict and prejudice, debate over how Native Americans should be treated
Juan de Seplveda
dominance and enslavement of Native populations
Bartolome de Las Casas
peace and tolerance
Spain was successful in converting much of Mesoamerica to Catholicism through what?
Spanish mission system
As the use of African slaves increased, Africans adapted to the new environment by blending the language and religion of their masters with the preserved traditions of their ancestors. What occurred as a result of this?
New religions, such as voodoo (a blend of Christianity and tribal animism)
What was England’s first attempt to settle North America?
Roanoke Island- Sir Walter Raleigh, but colony disappeared
What was the second English colony?
Jamestown- funded by joint-stock company (Virgina Company), wanted gold but found none, most died due to starvation or disease
John Rolfe
a survivor of Jamestown, married Pocahontas, easing tension between natives and English settlers
Pioneered practice of growing tobacco
What caused rapid expansion of English colonies and the development of plantation slavery?
tobacco- requires vast acreage and depletes soil
As new settlements sprang up around Jamestown, what did the area come to be known as?
the Chesapeake
Why did many people migrate to the Chesapeake?
financial reasons- widespread famine, disease, and poverty in England
Indentured servitude
in return for free passage, indentured servants promised 7 years of labor after which they would receive their freedom. Throughout th e17th century, they also received a small piece of property with their freedom, enabling them to survive and vote
headright system
introduced by the Virginia Company in 1618 to attract new settlers and address labor shortage created by emergence of tobacco farming, which required a large number of workers.
headright = tract of land granted to colonists and potential settlers
House of Burgesses
a government system established by Virginia, in which any property holding, white male could vote. All decisions had to be approved by the Virginia Company
characterization of French colonization
conversion to Roman Catholicism, more likely to spread diseases than convert large numbers to Christianity
had a lighter impact on native peoples- settlers who came tended to be single men, stayed on the move
coureurs du bois
helped trade furs
How did Spain interact with native inhabitants?
tended to conquer and enslave native inhabitiants, made great efforts to convert Native Americans to Catholicism
overwhelmingly male
many had children with native women- mestizos
How did France interact with native inhabitants?
tended to ally with them and adopt native practices, settlements were sparsely populated
How did England interact with native inhabitants?
attempte to exclude Native Americans as much as possible unlike other powers which depended on them.
Entire families arrived, so intermixing was rare
When English colonies grew to the point of conflict- launched wars of extermination
Puritanism
Protestant movement with goal to purify the church
Separatists
a Puritan group who thought Church of England was so incapable of being reformed that they had to abandon it left England in Mayflower and settled in Plymouth
What was the basic legal system established by the Pilgrims?
the Mayflower Compact- created a legal authority and an assembly, but also asserted that government’s power derives from the consent of the governed and not from God
Who helped the Pilgrims?
Native Americans- Squanto, who had been captured and brought to Europe as a slave, learned English and returned to homeland, became interpreter of Pilgrims and taught them to plant
Massachusetts Bay colony
CONGREGATIONALISTS- wanted to reform church from within led by John Winthrop, developed along Puritan ideals- gobernment wasd to be a covenant among the people, work was to serve a communal ideal, and Puritan church was always to be served
both Separatists and Congregationalists did not tolerate religious freedom in their colonies
Roger Williams
a minster in Salem taught that church and state should be separate, was banished, founded Rhode Island colony that allowed for the free exercise of religion
Anne Hutchinson
proponent of belief that faith and God’s grace were enough to earn one a place among the “elect/”
challenged Puritan beliefs, was banished
Why did Puritan immigration to New England come to a near halt between 1649 and 1660?
Oliver Cromwell ruled England and Puritans won English Civil Wars, so Puritans had little motive to move to the New World since freedom to practice their religion and representation in the government was available to them in England
How did the settlers in New England and the Chesapeake differ?
New England: entire families, hospitable climate so lived longer and had larger families, stronger sense of community, absence of tobacco as a cash crop= lived in larger towns that were closer together, small farms, required less labor so slavery was rare
Chesapeake: single males, smaller, more spread-out farming communities, larger farms- required more slaves
What colonies were proprietorships? (owned by one person)
Connecticut, Maryland, New York
What was the Maryland colony like?
granted to Cecilius Calvert- hoped to create a colony for Catholics who faced religious persecution, but also hoped to make a profit growing tobacco
Offered religious tolerance to populate more quickly, but Protestants soon outnumbered Catholics, recreating England’s old tension
Act of Toleration
Act passed by maryland’s government to protect the religious freedom of most Christians- not enough to keep the situation from devolving into religious civil war
Pennsylvania colony
started by William Penn, a Quaker- established liberal policies toward religious freedom and civil liberties
tried to treat Native Americans more fairly than other colonies did
What happened to most of the proprietary colonies?
they were converted to royal colonies
Powhatan Wars
the earliest conflicts between English settlers and the Powhatan confederacy in Virginia, over territorial disputes- Indians were granted reservation land
Pequot War
Massachusetts tried to expand into land inhabited by Pequots- resisted. When Pequots attacked a Massachusetts settlement, members burned the main Pequot village
The Beaver Wars
Iriquois Confederacy fought with Algonquian tribes over fur and fishing rights
King Philip’s War
Wampanoags led by Metacomet attacked settlements in retaliation for intrusion on Wampanoag territory. Formed an alliance with other tribes, destroyed English settlements but fell apart. Colonists devastated tribes
Pueblo Revolt
Pueblo people led a successful revolt against the Spanish, killing hundreds and driving remaining settlers out of New Mexico. Spanish returned in 1692 and regained control but were more accommodating
Chickasaw Wars
Chickasaw tribe (allied with the British) fought the Choctaw (allied with the French) for control of the land around the Mississippi River. Ended when Treaty of Paris was signed at the end of the Seven Years’ War
Why did Southern landowners turn increasingly to African slaves for labor?
Unlike Native Americans, African slaves did not know the land, so they were less likely to escape
removed from homelands and communities
unable to communicate with one another because they were from different regions of Africa
easier to control
dark skin made it easier to identify slaves, came to be associated with inferiority
Middle Passage, triangular trade route
shipping route that brought the slaves to the Americas- middle leg of the triangular trade route among the colonies, Europe, and Africa
When did Congress end American participation in the Atlantic slave trade?
1808, but slavery itself did not end in the US until 1865
salutary neglect
England regulated trade and government in its colonies but interfered in colonia affairs as little as possible
colonies developed a large degree of autonomy- helped fuel revolutionary sentiments when the monarchy later attempted to gain greater control of the New World
mercantilism
most Europeans subscribed to this- believed that economic power was rooted in a favorable balance of trade and the control of specie
How did the British government guarantee a favorable balance of trade?
placed protective tariffs on imports that might compete with English goods
Navigation Acts
required colonists to buy goods only from England, to sell their products only to England, and to import any non-English goods via English ports and pay a duty
prohibited colonies from manufacturing goods that England already produced
Wool Act
forbade the export of wool from the American colonies as well as importation
Some colonists protested this law by dealing only in flax and help
Molasses Act
imposed a tax upon the importation of sugar from the French West Indies- frequently refused to pay
colonial government setup
governor- appointed by king or proprietor bicameral legislatures (except Pennsylvania) lower house members were elected and upper house was made of appointees
New England Confederation
attempt toward centralized government in the colonies- provided colonists from different settlements the opportunity to meet and discuss their mutual problems
Bacon’s Rebellion
Virginians encroached on Native land- made frontier farmers subject to raids
settlers sought to drive native tribes out. Nathaniel Bacon demanded that Governor William Berkeley let him raise a militia and attack, but he refuesed. Bacon went anyway, and then burned Jamestown
Why is Bacon’s Rebellion significant?
former indentured servants allied themselves with free blacks who were also disenfranchised alliance along class lines, not racial lines, frightened Southerners and led to the development of black codes precursor to American Revolution- as colonists pushed westward away from commercial and political centers- experienced a sense of alienation and desire for greater political autonomy
Stono Rebellion
slave rebellion- 20 slaves stole guns and ammunition, liberated slaves
as a result, many colonies passed more restrictive laws to govern behavior of slaves
Salem Witch Trials
people, mostly women, tried on charges of witchcraft due to mass hysteria
Puritans feared that their religion was being undermined by growing commercialism in cities
Halfway Covenant
many were losing interest in the church, so Puritan clergy decided to baptize all children whose parents were baptized
those who had not experienced the gift of God’s grace were not allowed to vote however
Great Awakening
a wave of religious revivalism exemplified by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield
What did each of the colonial regions focus on?
New England- trade
middle colonies- fertile land, focused on farming
lower South- cash crops
Chesapeake- slavery and tobacco, but also farmed grain
What happened to most indentured servants before they earned their freedom?
approximately half died
