Period 3 Flashcards
Albany Plan of Union
developed by Benjamin Franklin
provided for an intercolonial government and a system for collecting taxes
failed to gain approval
French and Indian War
English settlers moved into the Ohio Valley, and French tried to stop them to protect fur trade and control of the region
England declared war on France, most Native Americans allied themselves with the French
When the war was over- England was the undisputed colonial power of the continent
William Pitt
English Prime Minister during the war- supportive of the colonists and encouraged them to join the war effort, promised pay and some autonomy
What did the English do to the Native Americans after the war?
raised the price of goods sold to the Native Americans, stopped paying rent on their western forts
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Ottawa war chief Pontiac attacked colonial outposts in response to English actions
What happened in response to Pontiac’s Rebellion?
Paxton Boys- group of Scots-Irish frontiersmen in Pennsylvania murdered several in the tribe
In response to the initial attacks during Pontiac’s Rebellion, the British government did what?
issued the Proclamation of 1763- forbid settlement west of the Appalachians
too late- settlers had already moved west of the line
agitated colonial settlers, who regarded it as an unwarranted British interference in colonial affairs
Why is the Proclamation of 1763 significant?
marks the end of salutary neglect
first in a new series of restrictions imposed on the colonists by the British Parliament
established a pattern of demarcating “Indian Territory”
What was a result of the British government’s huge debt as a result of the French and Indian War?
Parliament imposed new regulations and taxes on the colonists
Sugar Act
lowered duty on molasses coming into colonies from West Indies, but contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers
Currency Act
forbade colonies to issue paper money
Stamp Act
a tax on all paper goods
Sons of Liberty
groups protesting increased British control
Declaratory Act
asserted British government’s right to tax and legislate in all cases anywhere in the colonies
Townshend Acts
created by Charles Townshend- taxed goods imported directly from Britain
some of tax collected was set aside for payment of tax collectors
created more vice-admirality courts and several new government offices to enforce the Crown’s will in the colonies
suspended New York legislature
instituted writs of assistance- licenses that gave the British the power to search any place they suspected of hiding smuggled goods
Massachusetts Circular Letter
written by Samuel Adam of Massachusetts Assembly- to all other assemblies asking that they protest the new measures in unison
Quartering Act
stationed large numbers of troops in America, made the colonists responsible for the cost of feeding and housing them- heightened tensions
Boston Massacre
British soldiers fired on crowd of colonists
Committees of Correspondence
in response to British implementing part of the Townshend Acts that called for colonial administrators to be paid from customs revenues
tried to convince citizens to take an active inerest in conflict
Tea Act and resulting event
British granted East India Tea Company a monopoly on tea trade in the colonies and new duties- cheaper tea for the colonists, but Parliament was imposing new taxes on them
colonists refused to allow the ships to unload their cargo
group of Sons of Liberty- boarded a ship, dumped its cargo into Boston Harbor in Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
English response to Boston Tea Party
- closed Boston Harbor to all but essential trade
- stricter Quartering Act
Quebec Act
- granted greater liberties to Catholics
- extended the boundaries of the Quebec Territory, further impeding westward expansion
First Continental Congress
colonists met to discuss their grievances, all colonies except Georgia sent
- came up with list of laws the colonists wanted repealed and agreed to impose a boycott on British goods until grievances were redressed
Battle of Lexington and Concord
English dispatched troops to confiscate weapons in Concord- had to pass through minutemen in Lexington and Concord
- British forced to retreat
Why did many slaves join the British?
believed their chances for liberty were better, royal governor of Virginia offered to free slaves who escaped and joined British army
Second Continental Congress
convened after battles of Lexington and Concord- established a Continental Army, printed money, and created government offices
Olive Branch Petition
adopted by Continental Congress- a last-ditch attempt to avoid armed conflict, but King George III was not interested
Common Sense
pamphlet published by Thomas Paine- advocated colonial independence, also argued for republicanism over monarchy
Declaratioin of Independence
Thomas Jefferson wrote- stated colonies’ grievances against the Crown, articulated the principle of individual liberty and government’s fundamental responsibility to serve the people, began Revolutionary War
Battle of Saratoga
turning point in American Revolution- decisive victory of American troops against British troops- ended British prominence in upstate New York
French agreed to formal alliance with Continental Congress- sent advisers, weapons, and financial assistance
Battle of Yorktown
end to American Revolution- British general Cornwallis was surrounded by the French navy and George Washington’s troops via land- surrendered
Treaty of Paris
granted the US independence and generous territorial rights
Articles of Confederation
first national constitution, sent by Continental Congress for ratification- too weak on federal power
- could not enforce state or individual taxation, or a military draft
- could not regulate trade among the states or international trade
- no executive or judicial branch
- gave each state one vote regardless
- 9/13 states had to agree on a law in order for it to pass
- to amend or change Articles, unanimous approval was needed
Shay’s Rebellion
Daniel Shays- Revolutionary War veteran who was not receiving his pay from the war
- Massachusetts government was enforcing ability of banks to repossess farms and foreclose on homes of people who could not pay, he faced foreclosure
- seized weapons and attacked courthouses
- Mass gov couldn’t mobilize any forces due to weakness of Articles of Confederation
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
abolished slavery in the Northwest territories, and set specific regulations concerning the conditions under which territories could apply for statehood
In 1787, it was clear that the federal government lacked sufficient authority under the Articles of Confederation. What did Alexander Hamilton do?
he was concerned that there was no uniform commercial policy and feared for the survival of the new republic. He convened what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention
What did the Annapolis Convention eventually become?
the Constitutional Convention
What did Bacon’s Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion reveal =?
lingering resentment on the part of backcountry farmers toward the coastal elite
What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 do?
- governed the sale of government land to settlers
- contained bill of rights guaranteeing trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excessive punishment
- abolished slavery in the Northwest territories
- set specific regulations concerning the conditions under which territories could apply for statehood
What did the New Jersey Plan call for?
modifications to the Articles of Confederation and equal representation from each state
What did the Virginia Plan call for?
an entirely new government based on principle of checks and balances and for number of representatives for each state to be based upon population
- 3- tiered federal government
What was the Great Compromise?
blended the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey plan to have a bicameral legislature, and the Constitution
Three- Fifths Compromise
slaves counted as 3/5 of a person when counting population, established executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government
Who opposed the Constitution and portrayed the federal government under the Constitution as all-powerful
Anti- Federalists
What prominent figures were on George Washington’s cabinet?
Thomas Jefferson- favored a weaker federal government
Alexander Hamilton- favored strong central government and weaker state governments
What was the Neutrality Proclamation?
French gov. representative Edmond Genet visited America to seek assistance in French Revolution- US intended to remain friendly and impartial
What instigated the Whiskey Rebellion?
Hamilton’s financial program- imposed excise tax on whiskey to raise revenue to defray the debt incurred by the Revolution
Why is the Whiskey Rebellion significant?
uprising demonstrated the class tensions between inland farmers and the coastal elites who ran the new government rebellion was also put down by government militia
What was Jay’s Treaty?
negotiation concerning evacuation of the British from the Northwest Territory, as stipulated in the Treaty of Paris, preventing war with Great Britain
What was Pinckney’s Treaty?
extracted promise from Spain to prevent attacks on Western settlers from Native Americans
What was the idea of Republican Motherhood?
women were given the task of inspiring and teaching men to be good citizens through romance and motherhood, also had tremendous influence on their sons
role of mother became more prominent in child- rearing, mothers were now expected to raise educated children who would contribute positively to the United States
What was the XYZ Affair?
After the US signed the Jay Treaty with Britain, France began seizing American ships on the open seas. Adams sent 3 diplomats to Paris, where French officials demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiations to begin. Diplomats returned home, and Adams published their written report.
What was the result of the XYZ Affair?
public sentiment changed from pro- French to anti- French, war seemed possible and Adams avoided the war, but did not avoid Naval skirmishes called the Quasi- War
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?
allowed government to expel foreigners and jail newspaper editors for malicious writing and antigovernment speech. Aimed at destroying new immigrants’ support for the Democratic- Republicans
What were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?
argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws
What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions result in?
nullification- declared Alien and Sedition Acts void
Britain’s attempts to do what increased during period 3?
attempts to control the colonies and impose burdensome taxation, led to the colonists’ desire for revolution
Who vied for what during this period?
France, Britain, Spain, and the new United States vied for control of land, as the borders of the new United States were constantly expanding
How did the common peoples’ view of government change?
the belief in egalitarianism and democracy replaced trust in monarchy and aristocracy
Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government could not do what?
collect taxes or supercede state law
George Washington established the principle of executive privilege in a dispure with Congress over the
Jay Treaty
What did the Age of Salutary Neglect draw to a close with?
the end of the French and Indian War
