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BDS 2: Periodontology > Periodontal Tissues in Health & Disease II > Flashcards

Periodontal Tissues in Health & Disease II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the periodontal ligament?

A

Soft specialised connective tissue situated between the cementum and the bone socket wall

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2
Q

What is the width of the PDL?

What effect does age have on it?

A
  • Width 100-400 micron
  • Thinnest at middle third of root
  • Decreases with age
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3
Q

What are the main functions of the PDL? (6)

A
  • Supportive
  • Sensory
  • Formative
  • Protective
  • Regeneration
  • Nutritive
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4
Q

What is the most predominant cell in the PDL?

A

Fibroblasts

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5
Q

How are fibroblast in the PDL orientated?

A

Oriented with their long axis parallel to the direction of collagen fibrils

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6
Q

What is the role of the fibroblasts in the PDL?

A

Synthesise and shape the proteins of the extracellular matrix, in which collagen fibrils form bundles that insert into cementum and bone as Sharpey’s fibers

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7
Q

What are the Epithelial cell rests of Malassez in the PDL?

A

They are discrete clusters of residual cells from Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) that did not completely disappear

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8
Q

What is the role of the epithelial cell rests of Malassez in the PDL? (3)

A
  • Maintain PDL homeostasis to prevent ankylosis and maintain PDL space
  • Prevent root resorption
  • Contribute to cementum repair
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9
Q

Name some cells found in the PDL (5)

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Epithelial cell rests of Malassez
  • Immune cells
  • Nerve cells
  • Osteoblasts
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10
Q

Name some fibres found in the extracellular substance of the PDL (5)

A
  • Collagen (Mainly Type I)
  • Elastic
  • Reticular
  • Oxytalan
  • Indifferent fiber
    plexus
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11
Q

What is the difference in width of the collagen fibres in the PDL?

A

Wider diameter on the bone side than the cementum side

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12
Q

What are Sharpeys fibres?

A

A matrix of connective tissue consisting of bundles of strong predominantly type I collagen fibres connecting periosteum to bone

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13
Q

What are the 5 types of principal fibres in the PDL?

A
  • Alveolar crest fibers
  • Horizontal fibers
  • Oblique fibres
  • Apical fibers
  • Inter-radical fibers
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14
Q

What forces do Alveolar crest fibres resist? (4)

A

Resist tilting, intrusive, extrusive and rotational forces

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15
Q

What forces do Horizontal fibers resist? (2)

A

Resist horizontal and tipping forces

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16
Q

What forces do Oblique fibers resist? (2)

A

Resist vertical and intrusive forces

17
Q

What forces do Apical fibers resist? (2)

A

Resist luxation and tipping

18
Q

What forces do Inter-radical fibers resist? (3)

A

Resist tooth tipping, torquing and luxation

19
Q

What is the alveolar bone?

What does it develop from?

A
  • The specialised bone structure that contains the sockets of the teeth and supports the teeth
  • Develops from the dental follicle
20
Q

What are the two main components of the alveolar bone?

A
  • Alveolar process

- Alveolar bone proper

21
Q

What are the main functions of the alveolar bone?

A
  • Anchorage
  • Protection and support for teeth
  • Bone synthesis
  • Absorbs and distributes forces
22
Q

What two types of bone is the alveolar process made of?

A
  • Cortical bone

- Cancellous bone

23
Q

Describe the location of the alveolar bone proper

A
  • Continuation of the cortical plate, it lines the tooth socket
  • Surrounds the root of the teeth and gives attachment to the principal fibers of PDL
24
Q

Why is alveolar bone proper called bundle bone?

A

As numerous bundles of Sharpey’s fibers pass into it from the PDL

25
Q

What cell types are found in the alveolar bone? (4)

A
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes (90%-95%)
  • Bone-lining cells
  • Osteoclasts
26
Q

What is the composition of alveolar bone bone matrix?

A
  • 35% organic (collagen and non-collagenous proteins)
  • 40% inorganic (HA and impurities)
  • 25% water
27
Q

What is bone modelling?

A
  • Process of bone growth
  • Seems to occur without coupling of bone formation
    and resorption
28
Q

What is bone remodelling?

How long does this process take?

A
  • Dynamic process through which the skeleton is continuously renewed
  • Bone formation and bone resorption are coupled -(Basic Multicellular Unit)
  • Approximately 2-8 months in humans
29
Q

The majority of the tissue damage in periodontitis derives from the excessive and dysregulated production of a variety of inflammatory mediators, what are these mediators? (3)

A
  • Cytokines
  • Prostaglandins
  • Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
30
Q

Give some features of cytokines (4)

A
  • Soluble proteins
  • Act as messenger molecules that transmit signals from one cell to another
  • They bind to specific receptors on target cells that initiate intracellular signalling cascade
  • Effective in low concentrations
31
Q

Name some actions of cytokines (2)

A
  • Initiation and maintenance of immune and inflammatory responses
  • Regulation of growth and differentiation of cells.
32
Q

Name an important prostaglandin produced by mainly macrophages and fibroblasts

A

PGE2

33
Q

Give some features of PGE2 (3)

A
  • Is a potent vasodilator
  • Induce cytokine production by various cells
  • Acts on fibroblasts and osteoclasts to induce production of MMPs
34
Q

What are MMPs?

A

Family of proteolytic enzymes responsible for remodelling and degradation of the matrix components

BDS 2: Periodontology (9 decks)

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