periodontal disease and diabetes

Question 1

what was the prevelance of diabetes in 2012?

Answer 1

29.1 million americans or 9.3% of the total US population had it.

Question 2

how many seniors in the USA have diabetes?

Answer 2

25.9 % or 11.8 million

Question 3

diabetes is the ___ leading cause of death in the USA?

Answer 3

7th, with 69,071 deaths per year

Question 4

type 1 diabtes is also known as

Answer 4

insulin dependent, or early onset diabtes

Question 5

~ what % of diabetes is type 1?

Answer 5

10%

Question 6

what is thought to be the most common cause of type 2 diabtes?

Answer 6

obesity

Question 7

type 2 diabtes takes of how many years of ones life?

Answer 7

10

Question 8

clinical symptoms of diabetes are….

Answer 8

frequent urination, weight loss, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, always sleep, blurred vision, weight gain.

Question 9

what are the 3 most common clinical symptoms?

Answer 9

plydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria

Question 10

what tests are used to diagnose diabtes?

Answer 10

HbA1C, fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test.

Question 11

HbA1C test

Answer 11

refers to glycated hemoglobin which identigies average plasma glucose concentration of 3 months
- its most accurate

Question 12

HbA1C ranges

Answer 12

diabetic- 6.5 and above
pre- 5.7-6.4
normal-~5

Question 13

Fasting plasma glucose and ranges

Answer 13

monitors blood glucose after 8 hours of fasting
diabtetic- 126 and above
pre- 100-125
normal- 99 and below

Question 14

oral glucose tolerance test and ranges

Answer 14

2 hour test that tests glucose levels before and 2 hours after patient eats glucose solution
diabetic-200+
pre-140-199
normal-139 and below

Question 15

who should be tested?

Answer 15

45years and older ( every 3 years)
obese
if you have diabetic relatives
african americans, hispanics, native americans, 
delivered baby 9 lbs or more
hypertensive ( 140/90)

Question 16

what are some microvascular complications of diabetes?

Answer 16

retinopathy ( blindness), nephropathy ( renal failure), neuropathy( sensory neurons that leads to amputations, autonomic neurons which leads to dysrhythmias), hypertension

Question 17

what are some macrovascular complications?

Answer 17

peripheral, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, hypertension, altered wound healing.

Question 18

what are some oral complications of diabtetics?

Answer 18

xerostomia, caries, poor healing, infections, burning mouth syndrome, recurrent ulcerations, oral neuropathies, periodontal disease!

Question 19

why are people with diabetes more susceptible to having periodontal disease?

Answer 19

probably cause theyre more susceptible to contracting infections in general

Question 20

diabetics are 2 X as likely to contract periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is actually considered to the the ___ complication of diabetes

Answer 20

6th

Question 21

what does perio disease do to diabetics?

Answer 21

it can increase blood sugar contributing to increased period of time when the body functions with high blood sugar This increases diabetics risk of complications

Question 22

diabetes and periodontitis amongst the pima indians shows…

Answer 22

the prevelance and severity of attachment loss and bone loss was greater among diabetics

Question 23

diabetics have _______ fold increase of haveing periodontitis in the pima indian study.

Answer 23

2.8-3.4

Question 24

the prevelance of periodontal disease was 60% in subjects with diabetes vs ___ in those without ( in pima indian study)

Answer 24

36%

Question 25

Bacterial pathogens theory of diabetes and PD

Answer 25

the elevated glucose levels in the blood and saliva may change the environment of the microflora. ( may not be true according to studies)

Question 26

PMN leukocyte function theory

Answer 26

caused by PMN leukocyte deficiencies that result in impaired chemotaxis, defectie phagocytosis, or impaired adherence.

Question 27

uncontrolled diabetics and cell function.

Answer 27

impairs the function of PMN's, monocytes, and macrophages. This results in poor wound healing.

Question 28

Advanced glycation endproducts ( AGEs)

Answer 28

result of rection between carbohydrate and free amino group of proteins - result of glycoxidation but may be an end product of lipid oxidation

Question 29

receptor for AGEs

Answer 29

- belongs to immunoglobulin superfamily - has 1 extracellular region, 1 V and 2 C domains and a short cytoplasmic tail - gene is located on chromosome 6

Question 30

when inoculated with p. gingivalis there was an increase /decrease of formation and deposition of AGEs in the gingiva of mice?

Answer 30

increase`

Question 31

AGE deposition and RAGE expression as been associated with what?

Answer 31

other risk factors for periodontal disease.

Question 32

what happened to these mice when a soluble RAGE was administered?

Answer 32

Periodontal disease was arrested.

Question 33

what did researchers at UF discover about RAGE?

Answer 33

hgiher presence in those with Periodontal disease.