Calculus

Question 1

whats phase 1 therapy?

Answer 1

diagnosing, treatment planning and disease control

Question 2

whats phase 2 therapy?

Answer 2

surgical phase

Question 3

Calculus is basically mineralized what?

Answer 3

plaque, plaque also builds on top of the calculus

Question 4

What does calculus attach to?

Answer 4

teeth, crowns, prosthesis, dental implants

Question 5

What did hippocrates think of calclulus?

Answer 5

he noted the deleterious effects on teeth it caused

Question 6

what did Albucasis discover?

Answer 6

jthe relationship between calculus and disease and the need for removal

Question 7

what are the 3 steps in calculus formation?

Answer 7

pellicle formation, plaque formation, mineralization

Question 8

Pellicle important points

Answer 8

composed of mucoproteins, Acellular, forms within minutes after being wiped of teeth

Question 9

Plaque formation important points

Answer 9

microorganisms bind to the pellicle and form colonies ( rod and cocci), by 5th day plaque is mostly filamentous orgs. , They allgrow together to form a cohesive plaque layer.

Question 10

mineralization occurs within …..

Answer 10

24-72 hours

Question 11

what is heterogenous nucleation?

Answer 11

when mineralization centers grow large enough to connect.

Question 12

whats mineral precipitation result from?

Answer 12

a rise in PH of saliva which causes precipitation of calcium phosphate. Colloidal proteins bind calcium phosphate making a supersaturated solution

Question 13

what are the 4 different crystals of calcium phosphate?

Answer 13

brushite
octa calcium phosphate
hydroxyapatite
whitlockite

Question 14

rate of calculus formation is rapid for how long before pleauing?

Answer 14

4 weeks

Question 15

What different ways does calcium attach?

Answer 15

1. via pellicle on cementum and enamel
2. mechanical locking on surface irregularities
3. close adaptation to slping mounds of cementum

Question 16

what color is supragingival calculus?

Answer 16

white or whitish ( can be localized or generalize)

Question 17

most common places for supragingival calculus are….

Answer 17

buccal surfaces of maxillary molars

lingual of mandibular ant.

Question 18

what are the compositions of the 4 different crystaline forms of supragingival calculus?

Answer 18

OCP = Predominant mineral in exterior layers
HA = Dominant in the inner layers of long standing calculus
W = Only in small proportions
B  = Only in newly formed calculus

Question 19

what is the average mineral content in supragingival calculus?

Answer 19

37%

Question 20

subgingival calculus is usually what color and why?

Answer 20

brown or black. It reflects the presensce of bacterial and blood products

Question 21

what probably happened if you find someone with black calculus that appears supragingival?

Answer 21

it started out sub and the gums receeded so now its supra.

Question 22

which crystaline form is most dominant in subgingival calculus?

Answer 22

whitlockite with small proportions of magnesia (3%)

- hydroxyapatite but at very low amount

Question 23

what can be used to detect subgingival calculus?

Answer 23

explorer, Perio probe, surgical exploration is best

Question 24

how would you retract the gingiva if you wanted to while searching for sub-g calculus?

Answer 24

air blast

Question 25

most common exploror for sub-g exploring is....

Answer 25

11/12 ODU

Question 26

why arnt radiographs reliable for sub-g calculus detection?

Answer 26

2-d picture of 3-d object. | - it could be hiding ex. furcations, crown margins, restorations.......

Question 27

what is the absolute most reliable means for determining sub-G calculus?

Answer 27

surgical exploration

Question 28

what is the root of all evil?

Answer 28

bacteria and plaque

Question 29

what causes periodontal disease?

Answer 29

bacteria and plaque

Question 30

why is calculus a SECONDARY etiologic factor of periodontis?

Answer 30

presence of calculus makes it impossible to remove plaque. calculus prevents pts from clearing plaque. calculus does not come in direct contact of gingival tissue.

Question 31

describe the guinea pig experiment

Answer 31

researchers took calculus off a patient with periodontal disease and seperated it into 2 peices and sterilized one of them. They made guinea pigs eat them and the pigs that ate the not sterilized calculus developed infection while the pigs that ate the sterilized piece did not.

Question 32

what is calculus always covered by?

Answer 32

unmineralized layer of viable bacterial plauqe.

Question 33

prevention of calculus is by....

Answer 33

``` daily removal professional prophylaxis ( every 3-6 months) ```

Question 34

pyrophsophatases

Answer 34

occur naturally in saliva and chelate ( stick to) calcium slowing the rate of nucleation and calcification

Question 35

sodium hexametaphosphate ( SHMP)

Answer 35

is a large polyphosphate molecule with multiple calcium binding sites - very effective calculus inhibitor

Question 36

zinc

Answer 36

basically binds in calciums spot on the pellicle

Question 37

gantrez

Answer 37

copolymer of methylvinyl ether and maleic acid | - binds calcium ions inhibiting plaque mineralization