Periodic Table (4) Flashcards by Freya Scully

What are Newlands Octaves?

Newlands Octaves states that every eighth elemtns exhibits similar properties to the first element

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What is a triad?

A triad is a group of three elements with similar chemical properties in which the atomic weight(relative atomic mass) of the middle element is approximately equal to the average of the other two

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Define element

An element is a substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by chemical means

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What is Mendeleev’s Atomic Law?

When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, the properties of the elements recur periodically.
i.e. the properties displayed by an element are repeated at regular intervals in other elements

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What is the Modern Periodic Law?

When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, the properties of the elements recur periodically

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What is the the modern Periodic Table?

Is an arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number

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Define atomic number

The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of that atom

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Define mass number

The mass number of an element is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of that element

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Define isotope

Isotopes are atoms of the same element (i.e. they have the same atomic number) which have different mass numbers due to the different number of neutrons in the nucleus

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What is Relative atomic mass?

The relative atomic mass is the average
mass of the atoms of the isotopes of an element as they
occur in nature taking their abundancies into account and expressed on a a scale relative to one twelfth of the mass of a
Carbon 12 atom

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What is The principle of mass spectrometry?

The principle of mass spectrometry is that charged particles moving in a magnetic field are deflected to different extents according to their masses and are thus separated according to these masses.

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What is the electron configuration?

The electron configuration shows the arrangement of electrons in an atom of an element.

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What are the uses of mass spectrometry?

Identify unknown compounds
Identify the presence of isotopes
Measure relative atomic masses and relative molecular masses

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What are the stages in a mass spectrometer?

Vaporisation- Ionisation- Acceleration- Separation- Detection

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What is the mass spectrometer?

The Mass Spectrometer is used in determining
relative atomic mass

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How does the Bohr Model fill the electron configuration ?

2,8,8,2 - Know up to calcium (20)

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What is the principle quantum number?
eg. Electrons each energy level can hold

2n² = Principal quantum number
(2,8,18,32)

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How many electrons can a p orbital contain?

2px,2py and 2pz - can hold 6 electrons
Contains 3 orbitals

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How many electrons can a d orbital contain?

3d1,3d2,3d3,3d4,3d5- can hold ten electrons
Contains 5 orbitals

How many electrons can a s orbital contain?

1s- can hold only two electrons
Contains one orbital

What is the Aufbau principle?

When writing electron configuration of an atom in the ground state,
electrons must occupy the lowest energy level available.

What is the order that you fill an electron configuration?

1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p

What is the electron configuration of Krypton?
Highest one you need to know number 36

Kr = 1s2,2s2,2p63s2,3p6,4s2,3d10,4p6

What are the exceptions to the Aufbau principle?

Chromium- half full 3d orbital so there is only one electron in the 4s orbital
Copper- has a full 3d orbital so there is only one electron in the 4s orbital
–Provides extra stability–

What is Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity?

Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity states that when two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, the electrons occupy them singly before filling them in pair

What does the The Pauli Exclusion Principle state?

The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no more than two electrons may occupy an orbital and they must spin in opposite directions

What did the Greek philosophers suggests all substances were made from?

Air, water, earth and fire

Who used electrolysis to break down water into hydrogen and oxygen. and discovered potassium, sodium, calcium, barium, strontium and magnesium?

Humphrey Davy

What did Robert Boyle do?

- First to give an accurate description of an element. He described an element as a simple substance that cannot be broken into anything simpler - Predicted that elements can join together to form compounds

What did Humphrey Davy do?

He discovered that elements can be obtained by electrolysis. He discovered potassium and calcium.

What is the order of the people who took the steps to order the periodic table?

Dobereiner -Newlands- Mendeleev- Mosley

What contribution to the classification of elements did Dobereiner make?

Dobereiner saw trends and patterns in elements in groups of three and called these triads.

What contribution to the classification of elements did Newlands make?

Newlands arranged known elements in order of atomic weight

What contribution to the classification of elements did Mosley make?

Studied the frequencies of x-rays emitted by atoms of different elements and found that the frequencies varied according to the elements amount of + charge in the nucleus and called this the atomic number. He ordered the elements in order of atomic number and found that elements naturally fell into the correct groups.

What contribution to the classification of elements did Mendeleev make?

Mendeleev arranged elements in order of atomic weight and placed elements of similar properties underneath each other in groups He left gaps and reversed the order of some so that they would fi in the groups of elements with similar properties. He also predicted where undiscovered elements would go.

What happens in the vaporisation stage of mass spectrometry?

A small amount of gas or liquid is injected into the instrument. The vacuum is good inside so liquids quickly turned into gases. If something is a solid it will need to be heated and turn into liquid first.

What happened in the ionisation stage of mass spectrometry?

An electron gun is used in the organisation chamber to fire high energy electrons at atoms are molecules of the sample gas. Electrons are knocked off. These particles of the sample gas and positive items are formed.

What happens in the acceleration stage of mass spectrometry

Positive ions are passed between a series of negatively charged plates in the accelerator which accelerates these positive ions

What happens in the separation stage of my spectrum

The positive ions move into a magnetic field produced by a powerful electromagnet. Lighter particles are easier to deflect while heavier particles are more difficult to deflect so lighter ions are pushed further of course. Ions are separated according to their masses

What happens in the detection stage of mass spectator?

Positive ions fall on the detector as the strength of the magnetic field changes to bring different ions of different masses to focus on the detector. The signal is amplified and can be viewed on a computer screen. It’s seen as a series of peaks called a mass spectrum.

Name two elements which break the aufbau principle

Copper and chromium

How many electrons can a 3-D sublevel hold?

Ten

How many electrons can a two p sublevel hold?

If you’re writing in the electron configuration of an ion, what should you include?

Put brackets around the configuration and then the charge on the outside

Define first ionisation energy

It is the energy required to completely remove the most loosely bounded electron from a neutral gaseous atom