Families of organic compounds Flashcards
What geometry is formed when the carbon atom has 4 single bonds
Tetrahedral carbon
What compounds have tetrahedral carbons?
alcohols and chloroalkanes
What is a chloroalkane?
It is a compound which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced with a chlorine atom
What are example of a chloroalkane?
Chloromethane
Trichloromethane
1-2- Di chloropropane
WHat are chloroalkanes used for?
industrial solvents- liquid at room temp
Are chloroalkanes polar or non polar
They are weakly polar but are insoluble in water
What is a functional group?
It is an atom or group of atoms which are responsible for the characteristic properties of an organic compound or series of organic compounds
What functional group do alcohols have?
OH
wHAT IS A PRIMARY ALCOHOL?
This is where the OH functional group is bonded to only one carbon atom
What is a secondary alcohol?
This is where the OH functional group is bonded to two other carbon atoms
what is a tertiary alcohol?
This is where the function group is bonded to three carbon atoms
How is ethanol made/
Made by the fermentation of glucose by yeast
To prevent people drinking industrial ethanol methanol is added to denature the ethanol to make it safe to drink
Do alcohols have a high boiling point?
They have a higher bOiling point than the usual alkanes due to the hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules OH
aRE ALCOHOLS SOLUBLE IN WATER?
Small alcohols are soluble in water due to the hydrogen bonding. But as the molecule gets larger the effect of the hydrogen bonding decreases so its solubility decreases
They are soluble in non polar solvents
What is a feature of planer structures?
They have a double bond
What are examples of planar structures?
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, benzene compounds
Aldehydes have what functional group
CHO
AND THE CO BOND I DOUBLE
Where do you position the carboxyl group in an aldeyde/
Always on the end of the carbon chain
What bonding is an a aldehyde
The carboxyl group has a polar bond- so aldehydes have dipole dipole forces
What is the boiling point like for aldehydes?
They have a higher BP than THEIR RESPECTIVE alkanes as the dipole dipole forces between the molecules are stronger than weak van der walls forces between other alkane molecules
But is is lower than alcohols as they have hydrogen bonding
Are aldehydes soluble in water?
Small aldehydes are soluble in water due to the polar carboxyl group. But as the molecule gets larger the effect of the carboxyl group decreases so its solubility decreases
What is an aromatic aldehyde?
It contains a benzene ring
Benzaldehyde is a flavoruing agent and smells like almonds
What functional group do ketones have?
CO
wHERE IS THE CARBOXYL GROUP FOUND IN KETONES?
It is found in one of the central atoms
NEVER AT THE END -ALDEHYDES ARE AT THE END
