Periodic Table

Question 1

What are Group B elements?

Answer 1

The transitions elements including the inner transition

Question 2

Metals

Answer 2

Found on left side and in middle of periodic table
Active transition and LA series
Lustrous except mercury (a liquid in standard conditions)
USUALLY high mp and densities
Malleable
Ductile
Low effective nuclear charge
Low electroneg
Large atomic radius
Low ionic radius
Low ionization energy
Low electron affinity
Good conductors
Transition have two or more oxidation states

Question 3

Nonmetals

Answer 3

Upper right side of periodic table
Brittle
Lusterless
High ionization energies
High EA
High electroneg
Small atomic radii
Large ionic radii
Poor conductors

Question 4

Metalloid

Answer 4

Stairstep elements (ignore Al)
In between ass traits

Question 5

Zeff

Answer 5

Effective nuclear charge
A measure of the net positive charge experienced by the outermost electrons
Same period, Zeff inc left to right

Question 6

Atomic radius

Answer 6

increase toward bottom left

Question 7

Ionic radii

Answer 7

Assumptions: metals lose electron pos, nonmetal gain electron neg, metalloid depend on side
Nonmetals close to metalloid line possess a larger ionic radius
Metals close to metalloid line possess a smaller ionic radius

Question 8

Removing an electron is a ____ process

Answer 8

endothermic

Question 9

Ionization energy

Answer 9

Inc left to right, inc bottom to top

Question 10

Which has greater ionization energy? Univalent cation formation or divalent cation formation?

Answer 10

Divalent

Question 11

Active metals

Answer 11

Groups IA and IIA
low ionization energies
found as ionic compounds
Because IA ionization results in noble gas configurations, second ionization energies are crazy high

Question 12

Electron affinity

Answer 12

Energy dissipated by a gaseous species when it gains an electron
Exothermic process
The stronger the electrostatic pull Zeff the greater the energy release when atom gains electron
Inc left to right, dec top to bottom
Noble gases have EA is 0 bc stable octet
Most metals have low EA

Question 13

Electroneg

Answer 13

Closer to F, higher (top right)
First three noble gases have negligible electroneg

Question 14

Inc top right

Answer 14

Electroneg, IE, EA

Question 15

Dec top right

Answer 15

Atomic radius

Question 16

Alkali metals

Answer 16

Group IA
density lower than other metals
Loosely bound electron
Zeff very low
Largest atomic radii in respective period
Low IE, EA, and electroneg
React readily with nonmetals esp halogens (NaCl)
Form strong base in water

Question 17

Alkaline Earth Metals

Answer 17

Group IIA
Share most IA characteristics
Slightly high Zeff and slightly smaller atomic radii
Two electrons in valence shell and form divalent cations

Question 18

Chalcogen

Answer 18

Group VIA or Group 16
Nonmetals and metalloids
Small atomic radii
Large ionic radii

Question 19

Halogen

Answer 19

Group VIIA or Group 17
Highly reactive nonmetals
Desperate for an electron to complete octet
Highly reactive
Found in their ionic halide state as diatomic molecules

Question 20

Noble gases

Answer 20

Group VIIIA or 18
Minimal reactivity
No measurable electroneg
Low bp exist as gas at room temp

Question 21

Transition metals (B)

Answer 21

Group IB to VIIIB 3-12
Low EA, IE, electroneg
Hard
High mp and bp
Malleable, good conductors due to loosely held electrons that progressively fill the d-orbitals in their valence shells
Many have different oxidation states and thus make up a lot of ionic compounds
Can lose diff numbers of e from s- and d-orbitals
Complex ions often associate w water or nonmetals
variable solubility

Question 22

Explain why transitions metal ion complexes have distinct colors

Answer 22

Because the ability to elevate electrons from a lower to higher energy d orbitals allow certain frequencies to be absorbed and others to be reflected