Atomic Structure

Question 1

e

Answer 1

1.6 x 10^-19 C

Question 2

Atomic number

Answer 2

at the top
Equal to number of protons found in an element

Question 3

Mass number

Answer 3

Lower number
Sum of protons and neutrons

Question 4

Isotopes

Answer 4

Atoms that share an atomic number but have different mass numbers/numbers of neutrons

Question 5

High vs lower electron shells

Answer 5

further higher energy vs closer lower energy

Question 6

Sharing or transferring valence electrons

Answer 6

Can increase elements stability by filling their highest energy level

Question 7

Atomic weight

Answer 7

Weighted average of different isotopes

Question 8

Avogadro’s number

Answer 8

6.022 x 10^23

Question 9

Planck’s relations (energy of a quanta)

Answer 9

E = hf
h= 6.626 x 10^-34 Js

Question 10

Bohr’s law of energy of the electron

Answer 10

E = -R(H)/(n^2)
R(H) Rydberg 2.18 x 10^-18 J/electron

Question 11

Ground state

Answer 11

n = 1

Question 12

Excited state

Answer 12

e- promoted to a higher orbit/moved to a sub shell of higher than normal energy

Question 13

Formulas to determine the electromagnetic energy emitted in the form of a photon when electron returns to ground state

Answer 13

E = hc/wavelength
c = 3 x 10^8 m/s
E = hf
E = R(H) x [ 1/(ni^2) - 1/(nf^2) ]

Question 14

emission spectrum

Answer 14

Love nf = 1 (122, 103, 97, 95, 94)
Big nf = 2 (660, 490, 430, 410)
Penis nf = 3 (1900, 1300, 1100)

Question 15

1 R(H) is equal to…

Answer 15

13.6 eV/electron

Question 16

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Answer 16

It is impossible to simultaneously determine with perfect accuracy, the momentum and the position of an electron

Question 17

Pauli exclusion principle

Answer 17

No two electrons in a given atom can possess the same set of four quantum numbers

Question 18

Energy state

Answer 18

The position and energy of an electron described by its quantum numbers

Question 19

n

Answer 19

Principal quantum number
Can take on any positive integer value
The larger the n the higher the energy level and radius of the electron’s shell

Question 20

maximum number of electrons within a shell

Answer 20

2n^2

Question 21

Difference in energy between two shells

Answer 21

[1/(ni^2)] - [1/(nf^2)]

Question 22

l

Answer 22

azimuthal quantum number
Describes shape and # of subshells within a given principal energy level
range: 0 to (n-1)
l=0 is called s (circle)
l=1 is called p (dumbbell)
l=2 is called d
l=3 is called f

Question 23

maximum number of electrons within a subshell

Answer 23

4l + 2

Question 24

ml

Answer 24

Magnetic quantum number
Specifies the orbital within a subshell where an electron is most likely to be found at a given moment in time
range: -l ~ +l

Question 25

How can p subshells be oriented?

Answer 25

x, y, and z

Question 26

number of orbitals in a subshell

Answer 26

2l + 1

Question 27

ms

Answer 27

spin quantum number
+1/2 or -1/2
- when two electrons are in the same orbital, they must have opposite spins (paired)
- electrons in different orbitals with the same ms values are said to have parallel spins

Question 28

Aufbau principle

Answer 28

each subshell will begin filling up before beginning to enter the next one
n+l rule: the lower the sum of n and l the lower the energy of the subshells, if two subshells posses the same sum then the one with the lower n has a lower energy and will fill w electrons first

Question 29

Hund’s rule

Answer 29

Take up solo spots in the orbitals within a subshell until they NEED to double up

Question 30

What are the exceptions to Hund’s Rule?

Answer 30

chromium’s group and copper’s group
you move an s electron to the d subshell to make it half full or full

Question 31

Paramagnetism

Answer 31

materials composed of atoms with unpaired electrons will orient their spins in alignment with a magnetic field

Question 32

Diamagnetism

Answer 32

Materials consisting of atoms that have only paired electrons will be slightly repelled by a magnetic field

Question 33

Cation electron loss rule

Answer 33

electrons lost come from highest energy shell (n+l rule)