Period III Exam Flashcards
nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats
Bedouin
Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam
Mecca
town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad’s flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar
Medina
clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty
Umayyad
(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh
Muhammad
the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam
Qur’an
community of the faithful within Islam
Umma
Five Pillars
-confession of faith
-prayer
-fasting during Ramadan
-giving of alms
-hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community
Caliph
succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph
Abu Bakr
Islamic holy war
Jihad
followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads
Sunnis
followers of Ali’s interpretation of Islam
Shi’a
“the people of the book”– Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus
Dhimmis
dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad
Abbasids
nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids
Seljuk Turks
invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291
Crusades
Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking
Ulama
Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions
Sufis
central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph
Mongols
(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms
Chinggis Khan
flourishing trading city/port in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya
Malacca
state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers
Mali
title of the ruler of Mali
Mansa Musa
Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world
Ibn Battuta
successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao
Songhay
urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar
East African trading ports
with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa
Great Zimbabwe
commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c
Kiev
ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity
Vladmir I
Russian Orthodoxy
Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire
Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800
Charlemagne
political heirs to Charlemagne’s empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy
Holy Roman Emperors
personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service
Feudalism
Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law
Magna Carta
bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe’s population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia
Black Death
emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia
Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism
Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency
Flying money
male imposed practice to mutilate women’s feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.
Footbinding
mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor
Samurai
one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c
Golden Horde
extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions
Sinification
one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire
Ilkhan khanate
