Period 6.8-6.14 Flashcards
Push factors
Negative factors which people are fleeing
Pull factors
Positive attractions of the adopted country
Old Immigrants
Came through the 1880s, mostly from the British Isles, Germany, and Scandinavia, mostly spoke English and had high literacy rates
New Immigrants
Came beginning in the 1890s, mostly Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles, and Russians, many were poor, illiterate, and unaccustomed to democracy, largely non-Protestant.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Ended the immigration of people from China in response to large migrations from China to California.
Ethnic neighborhoods
Within crowded tenement quarters, immigrants created these where each group could maintain its own language, culture, church or temple, and social clubs.
Ellis Island
Immigration center in New York. Soon after its completion, immigrants had to pass a more rigorous medical examination and pay a tax.
Political Machines
Tightly organized groups of politicians that welcomed immigrants to gain their loyalty in elections. Led by a “boss” who doled out government jobs to supporters.
Tammany Hall
Political machine in New York City that started as a social club and later developed into power centers in return for people’s votes. It stole an estimated 65 percent of public building funds that instead went to Tweed and his cronies.
Settlement Houses
Places in immigrant neighborhoods lived in by young, educated middle class people attempting to learn about the problems immigrants faced and providing social services.
White-collar workers
Salaried employees whose jobs generally do not involve manual labor, occupied largely by the growing middle class.
Gospel of Wealth
Argued that the wealthy had a moral responsibility to carry out projects of civic philanthropy to help other members of society and improve it. This was championed by Carnegie and involved social Darwinism.
Philanthropy
The act of voluntary giving by individuals or groups to promote the common good, became a tool for wealthy individuals (Carnegie) to improve their public image and exert influence over societal issues.
“City Beautiful”
movement in the 1890s that advanced plans to remake American cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks, and public cultural attractions. Furthered the debate between private and public good.
Public high schools
Funded by taxpayer money, they began to provide vocational and citizenship education for a changing urban society.
