Period 6 Part II (Chapters 8-14) Flashcards
Push Factors
Negative factors from which people are fleeing.
Pull Factors
Positive attractions of the adopted country.
Old Immigrants
Immigrants who came from northern and western Europe through the 1880s, most of whom were Protestant, English-speaking, highly literate, and occupationally skilled.
New Immigrants
Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe beginning in the 1890s and continuing to World War I, most of whom poor; illiterate; Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, or Jewish; and unskilled.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Ended the immigration of people from China in 1882.
Ethnic Neighborhoods
These allowed immigrant groups to maintain their own language, culture, churches or temples, and social clubs in their crowded tenement quarters. While often crowded, unhealthy, and crime-ridden, these neighborhoods, sometimes called ghettos, often served as springboards for ambitious and hardworking immigrants and their children to achieve their version of the American Dream.
Ellis Island
An immigration center in New York Harbor.
Political Machines
Tightly organized groups of politicians who welcomed newly arrived immigrants to gain their loyalty in future elections.
Tammany Hall
A political machine in New York City led by “Boss” Tweed that started as a social club and later developed into a power center that stole millions from taxpayers in the form of graft and fraud.
Settlement Houses
Young reformers lived and worked in immigrant neighborhoods to learn about the problems of immigrant families firsthand and to teach English to immigrants, pioneer early-childhood education, teach industrial arts, and establish neighborhood theatres and music schools.
White-Collar Workers
Salaried employees whose jobs generally do not involve manual labor.
Gospel of Wealth
Andrew Carnegie argued that the wealthy had a moral responsibility to carry out projects of civic philanthropy to help other members of society to better themselves and, in turn, improve society. Carnegie defended unregulated capitalism, arguing that, though it might be “hard for the individual”, it was “best for the race.”
Philanthropy
Love of humanity, especially as shown in donations to charitable and socially useful causes.
City Beautiful Movement
Advanced grand plans to remake American cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks, and public cultural attractions.
Public High Schools
At first, these schools followed the college preparatory curriculum of private academies, but soon they became more comprehensive. They began to provide vocational and citizenship education for a changing urban society.
Spectator Sports
Sports such as baseball, football, and basketball.
Social Gospel
The importance of applying Christian principles to social problems by improving housing, raising wages, and supporting public health measures.
Temperance Movement
A movement towards abstinence from alcohol, led by those such as the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, Anti-Saloon League, and Carry A. Nation.
Impressionism
A style or movement in painting originating in France in the 1860s characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of a literary or artistic style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience rather than to achieve an accurate depiction.
Interstate Commerce Act
Required railroad rates to be “reasonable and just.” It also set up the first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which had the power to investigate pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices and prosecute companies participating in them.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Prohibited any “contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce.”
Pendleton Act
Set up the Civil Service Commission and created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected on the basis of their scores on a competitive examination. The law also prohibited civil servants from making political contributions.
Soft Money
Enabled debtors, farmers, and start-up businesses to:
1. Borrow money at lower interest rates
2. Pay off their loans more easily with inflated dollars
Ex. paper money (greenbacks) and silver coins
Hard Money
Currency backed by gold stored in government vaults advocated for by bankers, creditors, investors, and established businesses.
Bland-Allison Act
Allowed only a limited coinage of between $2 million and $4 million in silver each month at the standard silver-to-gold ratio of 16 to 1.
Bloody Shirt
Reminding the millions of veterans of the Union army that their wounds had been caused by (southern) Democrats and that Abraham Lincoln had been murdered by a Democrat.
Farmers’ Alliances
The first “national” organization of farmers, which led to the creation of the Populist party. It sponsored social gatherings, was active in politics, organized cooperatives, and fought against the dominance of the railroads and manufacturers.
Populist Party
The foundation for this party was provided by the Alliance movement. Delegates from different states met in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1892 to draft a political platform and nominate candidates for president and vice president for the new party. Members of this party were determined to do something about the concentration of economic power held by trusts and bankers, and they saw the government as the tool they needed.
Omaha Platform
Called for both political and economic reforms. Politically, this platform demanded an increase in the power of common voters through:
1. Direct popular election of U.S. senators
2. The use of initiatives and referendums
Economically, this platform advocated:
1. Unlimited coinage of silver to increase the money supply
2. A graduated income tax
3. Government ownership of railroads, telegraph lines, and the telephone system
4. Loans and federal warehouses for farmers to enable them to stabilize prices for their crops
5. An eight-hour day for industrial workers
Coxey’s Army
Thousands of unemployed, led by Populist Jacob S. Coxey, marched to Washington and demanded that the federal government spend $500 million on public works programs to create jobs. Coxey and other protest leaders were arrested for trespassing, and the dejected marchers returned home.
Cross of Gold Speech
William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska captured the hearts of delegates in a Democratic national convention in Chicago with the words “We will answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them: ‘You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold’, instantly making Bryan the Democratic nominee for President.
Gold Standard
Any money issued must be backed up by actual gold that is held in government storage. The gold standard results in a limited money supply, but the value of the money is stable (deflationary).
