Period 4 Part II (Chapters 8-14)

Question 1

Corrupt Bargain

Answer 1

Angry Jackson supporters accused Adams and Clay of making a “corrupt bargain” when Adams became president due to Clay’s influence in the House of Representatives and Adams then appointed Clay as his secretary of state.

Question 2

Indian Removal Act

Answer 2

Signed into law by Andrew Jackson in 1830, this act forced the resettlement of many thousands of Native Americans.

Question 3

Tariff of Abominations

Answer 3

A new tariff law patched together by Congress in 1828 under John Quincy Adams, which generally satisfied northern manufacturers but alienated southern planters and was later nullified by South Carolina.

Question 4

Nullification Crisis

Answer 4

South Carolina attempted to nullify multiple tariffs under the leadership of John C. Calhoun, and Jackson threatened to use military force. The conflict ended in a compromise in which the tariff was lowered and eventually replaced with a new tariff and South Carolina postponed and eventually formally rescinded nullification.

Question 5

States’ Rights

Answer 5

Rights owned by the states and the common people, rather than the federal government.

Question 6

Bank Veto

Answer 6

Jackson vetoed a recharter bill for the national bank, denouncing it as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners at the expense of the common people and a “hydra of corruption.”

Question 7

Democrats

Answer 7

Supporters of Jackson who harked back to the old Democratic-Republican Party of Jefferson.

Question 8

Whigs

Answer 8

Supporters of Henry Clay who resembled the defunct Federalist Party of Hamilton.

Question 9

Panic of 1837

Answer 9

A financial crisis that plunged the nation’s economy into a depression right after Jackson left office, caused largely by his Specie Circular.

Question 10

Transcendentalism

Answer 10

A small group of New England thinkers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau who expressed the ideals of romanticism, arguing for a mystical and intuitive way of thinking as a means for discovering one’s inner self and looking for the essence of God in nature. Transcendentalists valued individualism highly and downplayed the importance of organized institutions but also supported a variety of reforms, especially the antislavery movement.

Question 11

Utopia

Answer 11

An ideal, or perfect, community.

Question 12

Antebellum

Answer 12

The years characterized by social experiments, sectionalism, and historic reform movements that led up to the Civil War.

Question 13

Second Great Awakening

Answer 13

Religious revivals that swept through the United States starting in the late 18th century and through the first half of the 19th century and marked a reassertion of the traditional Calvinist (Puritan) teachings of original sin and predestination or represented new developments in Christianity in the U.S.

Question 14

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Answer 14

Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 in New York. Smith based his beliefs on a book of Scripture, The Book of Mormon, that traced a connection between American Indians and the lost tribes of Israel. Smith and his followers faced persecution and eventually settled in Utah.

Question 15

Temperance

Answer 15

The call for moderation or abstention in the use of alcohol that arose in 1826.

Question 16

Asylum Movement

Answer 16

A movement towards the creation of asylums for criminals, emotionally disturbed persons, and paupers that claimed that structure and discipline would bring about moral reform.

Question 17

Common (Public) School Movement

Answer 17

Led by Horace Mann, followers of this movement advocated for compulsory attendance for all children, a longer school year, increased teacher preparation, and the incorporation of moral principles into education.

Question 18

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 18

Leading feminists met at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 and issued a document called the “Declaration of Sentiments” modeled closely after the Declaration of Independence that listed women’s grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them.

Question 19

Abolition

Answer 19

An end to slavery in the United States.

Question 20

The Liberator

Answer 20

An abolitionist newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison that marks the beginning of the radical abolitionist movement and advocated immediate abolition of slavery in every state and territory without compensating the slaveowners.

Question 21

The North Star

Answer 21

An antislavery journal started by Frederick Douglass in which he advocated both political and direct action to end slavery and racial prejudice.

Question 22

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Answer 22

Nat Turner, enslaved in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831, and considered a religious zealot by some, organized an attack on his surrounding community. In a single day, over 50 White men, women, and children were killed. Reaction was swift, and the militia killed not only Turner and his followers but also many innocent African Americans in reprisal for the rebellion.

Question 23

Slave Codes

Answer 23

Laws passed by southern states to keep slaves from either running away or rebelling, including restrictions on movement or education.

Question 24

King Cotton

Answer 24

A term used by southerners to describe the dependence of the United States economy on cotton. Eli Whitney was also called this because of his cotton gin invention.

Question 25

Planters

Answer 25

Southern cotton plantation owners who typically owned African American slaves to support labor needs.

Question 26

Peculiar Institution

Answer 26

Some Whites were sensitive about how they treated other humans, so they referred to slavery as “that peculiar institution.”