Period 4 Part I (Chapters 1-7)

Question 1

Democratic Republicans

Answer 1

Made up mostly of poor farmers and led by Thomas Jefferson, they advocated for strict interpretation of the Constitution and a weaker central government.

Question 2

Federalists

Answer 2

Made up mostly of the wealthy elite and led by Alexander Hamilton, they advocated for loose interpretation of the Constitution and a stronger central government.

Question 3

Strict Interpretation

Answer 3

Interpreting the Constitution literally and word for word. Any power not explicitly given in the Constitution was not assumed to be held by the government.

Question 4

Loose Interpretation

Answer 4

Interpreting the Constitution more broadly. If something was not explicitly stated, that did not necessarily mean it was not allowed.

Question 5

Judicial Review

Answer 5

The Supreme Court’s power to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was allowed by the Constitution, allowing them to overrule actions of the other two branches of the federal government.

Question 6

Marbury v. Madison

Answer 6

Jefferson wanted to block Federalist appointments, so he ordered the new secretary of state, James Madison, not to deliver the commissions. One of Adams appointees, William Marbury, sued for his commission. Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act passed by Congress in 1789. However, Marshall said the Judiciary Act of 1789 had given to the Court greater power than the Constitution allowed. Therefore, the law was unconstitutional and Marbury would not receive his commission.

Question 7

McCulloch v. Maryland

Answer 7

Maryland attempted to tax the Second Bank of the United States, which was located in Maryland. Marshall ruled that a state could not tax a federal institution because “the power to tax is the power to destroy” and federal laws are supreme over state laws. In addition, Marshall settled the long-running debate over the constitutionality of the national bank. Using a loose interpretation of the Constitution, Marshall ruled that, even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gave the federal government the implied power to create one.

Question 8

Louisiana Purchase

Answer 8

Jefferson sent ministers to France with instructions to offer up to $10 million for both New Orleans and a strip of land extending form that port eastward to Florida due to concerns that they might lose control of the New Orleans port because of the Spanish revoking the right of deposit granted in the Pinckney Treaty of 1795. Napoleon’s ministers, seeking funds for a war against Britain, offered to sell not only New Orleans but also the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million. The American ministers quickly accepted the French offer.

Question 9

Era of Good Feelings

Answer 9

A term used to describe James Monroe’s two terms in office, marked by nationalism, optimism, and goodwill.

Question 10

Missouri Compromise

Answer 10

Henry Clay’s proposition of three bills:
1. Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state
2. Admit Maine as a free state
3. Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36° 30’

Question 11

Protective Tariff

Answer 11

A tariff created for the express purpose of protecting U.S. manufacturers from competition rather than simply to raise revenue.

Question 12

American System

Answer 12

A plan created by Henry Clay, a leader in the House of Representatives, that proposed a comprehensive method for advancing the nation’s economic growth. It consisted of three parts:
1. Protective tariffs
2. A national bank
3. Internal improvements

Question 13

Sectionalism

Answer 13

Loyalty to one’s own region.

Question 14

War of 1812

Answer 14

A war that broke out between Britain and France due to the continued violation of U.S. neutral rights at sea and troubles with the British on the western frontier.

Question 15

Barbary Pirates

Answer 15

Due to piracy from the Barbary states on the North African coast, Presidents Washington and Adams had paid tribute to the Barbary governments. However, when the ruler of Tripoli demanded a higher sum in tribute from Jefferson, he refused, sending a small fleet of the U.S. Navy to the Mediterranean, leading to sporadic fighting for four years. Although the American navy did not achieve a decisive victory, it did gain some respect and offered a measure of protection to U.S. vessels trading in Mediterranean waters.

Question 16

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 16

A doctrine that asserted “as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” Monroe declared further that the United States opposed attempts by a European power to interfere in the affairs of any republic in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 17

Old Northwest

Answer 17

Consisted of six states that joined the Union before 1860: Ohio (1803), Indiana (1816), Michigan (1837), Wisconsin (1848), and Minnesota (1858). These states came from territories formed out of land ceded to the national government in the 1780s by one of the original 13 states. The procedure for turning these territories into states was part of the Northwest Ordinance passed by Congress in 1787.

Question 18

Cumberland Road

Answer 18

A paved highway and major route to the west extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was begun in 1811 and completed in the 1850s, using both federal and state money, with the different states receiving ownership of segments of the highway.

Question 19

Erie Canal

Answer 19

A canal built in New York State in 1825 that was a major event in linking the economies of western farms and eastern cities.

Question 20

Telegraph

Answer 20

A device created by inventor Samuel F. B. Morse that transmitted messages along wires almost instantaneously.

Question 21

Lowell System

Answer 21

A system in which textile mills recruited young farm women and housed them in company dormitories.

Question 22

Cotton Gin

Answer 22

A device for separating cotton fiber from the seeds that was developed by Eli Whitney in 1793.

Question 23

Industrial Revolution

Answer 23

The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production that occurred in the early 19th century in the U.S.

Question 24

Unions

Answer 24

Associations of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests that were organized in major cities as early as the 1790s and increased in number as the factory system took hold. A prime goal of the early unions was to reduce the workday to ten hours.

Question 25

Common Man

Answer 25

Middle- and lower-class people who gained more control over politics and more representation in government between 1824 and 1840; the “average” American citizen.

Question 26

Universal White Male Suffrage

Answer 26

All White males could vote and hold office, omitting any religious or property qualifications for voting.

Question 27

Popular Campaigning

Answer 27

Candidates for office directed their campaigns to the interests and prejudices of the common people.

Question 28

Spoils System

Answer 28

The practice of dispensing government jobs in return for party loyalty.