Period 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Road settlers traveled on to Oregon throughout the 1840’s
A
Oregon Trail
2
Q
8th president who served 1837-1841. Had to deal with the panic of 1837
A
Martin Van Buren
3
Q
Financial crisis that lasted until the 1840’s. Caused by Jackson getting rid of the Bank of the US and issuing the Specie Circular, which caused paper money’s value to drop
A
Panic of 1837
4
Q
Created out of opposition to Jackson Democrats. Favored economic nationalism, strong government, the bank, tariffs, and the American System. Collapsed over the issue of slavery
A
Whig Party
5
Q
9th president who served for 31 days in 1841. 1812 war hero at the Battle of Tippecanoe and a Whig
A
William Henry Harrison
6
Q
10th president who served 1841-1845, and established the VP would become president if the president died. Tried to secure the annexation of Texas
A
John Tyler
7
Q
Senator and Secretary of State under Tyler. Whig critical of the Tariff of 1816 and nullification
A
Daniel Webster
8
Q
1842 treaty that settled Maine’s northern border and Canada’s
A
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
9
Q
11th president who served 1845-1849. Advocate for manifest destiny and claiming the Oregon territory. Oversaw Mexican-American War
A
James K. Polk
10
Q
Took place between 1846-1848. Broke out after the annexation of Texas in 1845. Mexico didn’t want Texas to be a part of the US. Led to large US expansion
A
Mexican-American War
11
Q
President of Texas who advocated for annexation by the US. Later became the governor of Texas
A
Sam Houston
12
Q
Site of famous battle in San Antonio in 1836 after Texans were under attack by Mexico. Led to Texans rebelling
A
Alamo
13
Q
Declared in 1836, Santa Anna signed a peace treaty declaring Texas was separate from Mexico. Didn’t join the US at first due to fear of making the slave/free state balance unequal
A
Republic of Texas (Lone Star Republic)
14
Q
Sent by president Polk to tell Mexico the US wanted the Texas border at the Rio Grande, and that they wanted to purchase California. Proposal led to the war
A
John Slidell
15
Q
12th president who served 1849-1850. Mexican-American War general, Whig, and didn’t support expanding slavery
A
Zachary Taylor
16
Q
16th president who served 1861-1865, when he was assasinated. Joined the new Republican party, his election triggered southern secession, and he led the Union army during the Civil War
A
Abraham Lincoln
17
Q
Created after the Mexican-American War by rep. David Wilmot. Stated slavery would be banned in new territory gained from Mexico. Failed in the Senate, but showed deeper divide over slavery
A
Wilmot Proviso
18
Q
Unrecognized, independent California created in 1846. Led by Fremont and annexed into the US with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
A
Bear Flag Republic
19
Q
Temporary Bear Flag Republic leader, later California governor. In 1856, he was the first nominee of the Republican party
A
John C. Fremont
20
Q
Signed in Feb. 1848 ending the Mexican-American War. The US gained California and most of the southwest in exchange for 15 million dollars
A
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
21
Q
1853 treaty between the US and Mexico, ratified in 1854. In exchange for 10 million dollars, the US gained a chunk of Arizona and New Mexico
A
Gadsden Purchase
22
Q
Proslavery writer who said black people lived better lives as slaves
A
George Fitzhugh
23
Q
Inspired by the Wilmot Proviso, party founded on opposition to slavery expansion. Later absorbed into the Republican party
A
Free Soil Party
24
Q
Democratic 1848 election nominee. Supported popular sovereignty, but lost the election to Taylor
A
Lewis Cass
25
Occured in California between 1848-1855. Population grew as people came to the state looking for gold
Gold Rush
26
Nickname for immigrants to California for the Gold Rush
Forty-Niners
27
Politician from Kentucky, called the "great compromiser" over issues such as slavery. Created the American System and ran for president multiple times
Henry Clay
28
Several bills try to lesson the northern/southern tension, oversaw by Clay. California would be added as a free state, the New Mexico and Utah territories were created and popular sovereignty would determine slavery there, banned the slave trade in Washington DC, made a stricter fugitive slave act, and gave Texas money to drop claims to the New Mexico territory
Compromise of 1850
29
Required slaves who escaped, when they were captured, to return to their masters. Authorities in free states had to follow it as well
Fugitive Slave Act
30
Name for Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster, who dominated politics in the 1800's before the Civil War
Great Triumvirate
31
Radical abolitionist NY senator that argued slavery should be banned because it was immoral. Republican who served as secretary of state from 1861-1869
William H. Seward
32
13th president who served 1850-1853 and took office after Zachary Taylor died. Helped pass the Compromise of 1850 and became part of the Know-Nothing Party
Millard Fillmore
33
Illinois senator who created the Kansas-Nebraska Acts and was in the Lincoln-Douglas debates. Initially supported Dred Scott until it was unpopular, and didn't support the Lecompton Constitution. Unionist who supported Lincoln during the Civil War
Stephen A. Douglas
34
Attempt to bypass the Fugitive Slave Act by creating a way for slaves to escape to the north
Underground Railroad
35
American abolitionist who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
36
Written by Stowe, novel expressed northern abolitionist frustrations with the fugitive slave acts. Gained fame worldwide and showed people slavery was wrong
Uncle Tom's Cabin
37
Proposed by Douglas in 1854, it repealed the Missouri Compromise by proposing Nebraska to be 2 regions, Kansas and Nebraska, with each voting if it would make slavery illegal. Presumed Nebraska would be free and Kansas slave. Became law in 1854, and helped form the Republican party
Kansas-Nebraska Acts
38
Also called the GOP, made due to northern/southern divide. Founded in 1854 by abolitionists in the north and west
Republican Party
39
15th president who served 1857-1861, Democratic former senator and secretory of state. Supported Dred Scott and Kansas entering the Union as a slave state. Considered the worst president by increasing tensions before the Civil War
James Buchanan
40
Abolitionist who responded to border ruffians moving to Kansa by establishing an antislavery defense. Attacked the Compromise of 1850
Henry Ward Beecher
41
Nickname of a period in Kansas from 1855-1859 where pro and anti slavery forces had battles, massacres, and riots over if Kansas would be free or slave state. Led to Kansas not being admitted to the Union until the start of the Civil War
Bleeding Kansas
42
Proposed proslavery Constitution in Kansas that protected slaveholders and excluded black people from their rights, Debated in Congress, and antislavery groups boycotted ratifying it, and the second vote was boycotted by proslavery groups, leading Kansas to become a free state
Lecompton Constitution
43
1857 Supreme Court case where the court ruled all black people weren't citizens and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it stripped slaveholders of their property if slaves escaped north
Dred Scott v. Sandford
44
5th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who served 1831-1833, famous for his opinion on Dred Scott
Roger Taney
45
Abolitionist who wanted to arm slaves to end slavery. Led to fighters in Bleeding Kansas and Harper's Ferry
John Brown
46
Federal arsenal in Virginia which has an attack led by Brown. Marched into the ship, seized it, and members of the group were captured and hanged
Harper's Ferry
47
Eighth President. Served 1837–1841. Dealed with an economic depression resulting from the policies of Jackson and The Panic of 1837.
Martin Van Buren
48
Tenth President. Served April 4, 1841 to 1845. First vice president to ascend to the presidency upon the death of the incumbent. This act set the precedent that all future vice presidents would follow. Sought the annexation of Texas but was unable to secure it
John Tyler
49
An 1842 treaty that divided a contested territory in northern Maine between the United States and Britain, settling Maine’s northern boundary.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
50
Eleventh President. Served 1845–1849. An heir of sorts to Andrew Jackson, he advocated for Manifest Destiny. Advocated a hardline position on the disputed Oregon Territory, but he reached a diplomatic agreement with Britain. He then oversaw the controversial Mexican-American War. Having pledged to only serve one term, he declined to run for reelection in 1848.
James K. Polk
51
A conflict between the United States and Mexico. It took place from April 1846 to February 1848. Following the 1845 American annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered a wayward province whose independence was a legal fiction created under duress, war broke out between the two nations. The war was deeply controversial in its time, illustrating the deepening divide between free and slave states. It also led to a major U.S. territorial expansion.
Mexican-American War
52
President of Texas, he advocated annexation by the United States. Later, as Texas governor, he resisted efforts at secession to join the Confederacy and was removed from office.
Sam Houston
53
The site of a famous battle in San Antonio, Texas. A small force of Texans found themselves under siege in 1836. Mexican forces led by Santa Anna eventually took it. However, news of the resistance inspired other Texans to rebel
Alamo
54
A republic declared in 1836. Santa Anna was forced to signed a peace treaty recognizing its independence from Mexico while in custody of Sam Houston’s forces. Its initial attempts to join the United States were rebuffed under Jackson and Van Buren for fear of tipping political power toward the slave states. Congress rejected Tyler’s efforts to absorb it in 1844. It was finally annexed under the Polk administration.
Republic of Texas (Lone Star Republic)
55
Twelfth President. Served 1849–1850. Was a Mexican-American War general. The Whigs nominated him in the 1848 election. While a slave-owner, he did not advocate the expansion of slavery, believing that the practice wasn’t economically viable in the West.
Zachary Taylor
56
Sixteenth President. Served 1861 to his assassination on April 15, 1865. A former Whig who had opposed the Mexican-American War, he joined the newly formed Republican Party. His 1860 election triggered the secession of several states, and he deftly led the Union through the ensuing Civil War.
Abraham Lincoln
57
Following the Mexican-American War, it proposed that slavery would be forbidden in any new lands acquired by the war with Mexico. The final bill passed in the House but failed in the Senate. Signaled the start of the Civil War
Wilmot Proviso
58
An unrecognized independant California that existed from June 14 to July 9, 1846. Led by John C. Fremont, and annexed into the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Named for its flag, which featured a bear.
Bear Flag Republic
59
Temporary leader of the Bear Flag Republic and later governor of California. Fremont is perhaps best remembered for his role in the 1856 presidential election, where he served as the very first nominee of the newly founded Republican Party. He came in second with a little over 33 percent of the popular vote.
John C. Fremont
60
Signed in February 1848, it ended the Mexican-American War. The treaty granted California and most of the Southwest to the United States. The U.S. government agreed to pay war reparations in the sum of $15 million to the Mexican government.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
61
An 1853 treaty between the U.S. and Mexico. It was ratified in 1854. The treaty resolved a border issue lingering from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. In exchange for $10 million, the U.S. purchased a chunk of modern-day Arizona and a small portion of southwest New Mexico.
Gadsden Purchase
62
Inspired by the Wilmot Proviso, antislavery advocates from various political parties founded this party to oppose the expansion of slavery into the new Western territories. Martin Van Buren ran for president as candidate in 1848. Later absorbed into the new Republican Party.
Free Soil Party
63
Nickname for an influx of immigrants to California in 1849 seeking riches in the gold rush. A number of immigrants were Chinese.
Forty-Niners
64
A package of several bills that alleviated some of the tension between the North and South, delaying the Civil War for another decade. Orchestrated by Henry Clay. Its key points were: California was admitted as a free state; it created the New Mexico and Utah Territories, and popular sovereignty would determine slavery’s status in them; it banned the slave trade in Washington, D.C.; it enacted a stricter Fugitive Slave Act; it give Texas monetary compensation to drop its claims to part of New Mexico’s territory.
Compromise of 1850
65
Part of the Compromise of 1850. It required that escaped slaves, upon their capture, would be returned to their masters, and that the authorities in a free state had to cooperate with this process.
Fugitive Slave Act
66
Thirteenth President. Served 1850–1853. Took office after the sickness and death of Zachary Taylor. A longtime House member, helped pass the Compromise of 1850. Notably, he dispatched the Perry Expedition to Japan.
Millard Fillmore
67
A senator from Illinois nicknamed the “Little Giant.” He is notable for creating the Kansas-Nebraska Act as well as participating in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates. He initially supported the Dred Scott decision until it proved politically unpopular. He opposed the Lecompton Constitution. A staunch Unionist, he supported Lincoln during the Civil War
Stephen A. Douglas
68
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, this novel expressed Northern abolitionist frustrations with the Fugitive Slave Act. In the North, the novel quickly gained fame and convinced many that slavery was morally wrong. Meanwhile in the South, the commitment to protecting the institution of slavery intensified.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
69
Proposed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas in 1854, it functionally repealed the Missouri Compromise. The act proposed the Nebraska Territory be divided into two regions, Nebraska and Kansas, and each would vote by popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery. It was presumed that Nebraska would become a free state, while Kansas would become a slave state. Douglas was able to push his bill through Congress, and President Pierce signed it into law in 1854. It helped spur the formation of the Republican Party.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
70
Emerged from the renewed sectional tension of the 1850s. The GOP was founded in 1854 by antislavery Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, and Know-Nothings from the North and West.
Republican Party
71
Fifteenth President. Served 1857–1861. He supported the Dred Scott ruling, and the entry of Kansas into the Union as a slave state. Declined to run for a second term. Often ranked as the worst president for exacerbating regional tensions in the runup to the Civil War and then doing nothing to stop secession.
James Buchanan
72
An abolitionist and clergyman. In response to proslavery “border ruffians” moving into Kansas from Missouri, he helped antislavery settlers establish footholds in the state and also funneled them rifles.
Henry Ward Beecher
73
The nickname for a period of bloody conflict in what became Kansas. Lasted 1855–1859. Proslavery and antislavery forces engaged in a number of battles, massacres, and raids in order to determine whether Kansas would be a free or slave state. Due to decrying slavery in Kansas, Senator Charles Sumner was nearly beaten to death on the Senate floor by Preston Brooks. Due to the objections of Southern states, Kansas would not be admitted to the United States until the start of the Civil War.
Bleeding Kansas
74
A proposed proslavery constitution for Kansas. It protected slaveholders and excluded free African Americans from the protections of the Bill of Rights. It encountered intense debate in Congress, as President Buchanan supported it and Senator Douglas vehemently opposed it. Antislavery forces boycotted the ratification process, prompting a re-vote; this second vote was then boycotted by the proslavery forces, allowing Kansas to be admitted to the Union as a free state.
Lecompton Constitution
75
A landmark 1857 Supreme Court case that was a major contributing factor to the outbreak of the Civil War. Dred Scott, a slave in Missouri, spent years in Wisconsin and Illinois with his master. After his master’s death, Dred Scott sued for freedom. The Court ruled that all African Americans were not citizens. Also ruled that Congress had no right to deny citizens of their individual property, and therefore the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional for stripping slave owners of their rightful property once they moved north.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
76
An abolitionist who believed that arming slaves was the only way to get rid of slavery. He first became famous for leading a small band of fighters in Bleeding Kansas, killing several proslavery supporters. In 1859, he led a raid on Harpers Ferry, intending to takes its weapons to equip slaves on nearby plantations. Brown’s raid was quickly squashed, but it excited national furor, especially after he was executed.
John Brown
77
A federal arsenal in Virginia. John Brown planned to use it to arm slaves on surrounding plantations with the hope of generating a slave rebellion. Ultimately, he aimed to overthrow the institution of slavery. In October 1859, Brown led a march to Harper’s Ferry and seized the arsenal. However, Brown and his followers were captured by the Virginia militia, tried for treason, and hanged.
Harper’s Ferry
78
Argued by Douglass in the Lincoln-Douglass debates. Argued that Dred Scott would still be the law but that, by willfully choosing to not arm themselves with the means to police the issue, territories could still functionally be free soil. This attempt to appease both wings of the Democratic Party alienated supporters in the South
Freeport Doctrine
79
Political party formed by conservative and moderate Whigs concerned that Lincoln’s victory would lead to the end the Union. Hoped to garner enough Republican votes to prevent the Southern states from seceding. It won Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia.
Constitutional Union Party
80
Unrecognized state that existed from 1861 to 1865. It attempted to secede from the United States in order to preserve the institution of slavery, as explicitly stated in the secession declarations of several states. It attempted to lay claim to territory in the American Southwest, as well as to Kentucky and Missouri.
Confederate States of America
81
The sole President of the Confederate States.
Jefferson Davis
82
A sea fort near Charleston, South Carolina. On April 12–13, 1861, the first shots of the Civil War were fired there. The Confederate Army fired upon the unarmed merchant vessel Star of the West, which was attempting to resupply the U.S. forces stationed at the fort.
Fort Sumter
83
New York City erupted into rioting from July 13 to July 16, 1863. Started primarily by Irish immigrants, hundreds were killed and entire city blocks were destroyed by fire. The rioters feared that newly emancipated African Americans would undercut them in the labor market, and they resented that wealthy men were able to buy exemptions from the military draft.
New York Draft Riots
84
Took place on July 21, 1861. It was an early Confederate victory in the Civil War, showing the North that this would be a long and bloody war, while Southerners felt emboldened by their victory. Union forces had expected an easy victory; many Congressman and D.C. elites actually brought their families along to hold picnics to watch the battle.
Battle of Bull Run/Battle of Manassas
85
A Confederate general who worked under Lee. Until his death in 1863, he was involved in every major battle in the eastern theater of the war. He is considered an able officer by military historians.
“Stonewall” Jackson
86
Winfield Scott’s four phase plan to defeat the Confederacy. Phase 1 had the U.S. Navy blockaded all Southern ports. Phase 2 had the Navy split the Confederacy in half by taking control of the Mississippi River. Phase 3 had the Union Army cut through Georgia, and then travel up the coast to the Carolinas. Phase 4 saw the Union capture the Confederate capitol at Richmond.
Anaconda Plan
87
Betrayed the U.S. and taking command of the Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War.
Robert E. Lee
88
Confederate victory in August 1862. John Pope’s defeat created an opening for Robert E. Lee’s Maryland Campaign, which culminated in the Battle of Antietam.
Second Battle of Bull Run
89
A Civil War battle that took place on September 17, 1862. The bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. history, it saw 22,717 killed. Despite stopping Lee’s invasion of Maryland, McClellan failed to exploit an opening to destroy Lee’s army and shorten the war, leading to Lincoln removing him as general-in-chief of the Union Army.
Antietam
90
A steam-powered warship that is armored (or “clad”) in iron plates. While an evolutionary halfway point between wooden sailing ships and all-metal ships, it represented a revolution in naval warfare.
Ironclads
91
18th President. Served 1869–1877. Served in Mexican-American and Civil War. He eventually was placed in command of the whole US Army in 1864, where he fought several engagements with Lee. He supervised Reconstruction and prosecuted efforts against the KKK. He served two terms as president, to decidedly mixed results.
Ulysses S. Grant
92
Arguably the most significant battle of the Civil War. Fought July 1–3, 1863 in southern Pennsylvania. Over 50,000 men died there. It was the final major Confederate push into the North, and Lee’s defeat ended any hope of Britain or France recognizing the Confederacy as a legitimate nation. General Meade’s failure to chase and destroy Lee’s retreating army, however, lengthened the war.
Battle of Gettysburg
93
Brief, poignant address by Abraham Lincoln commemorating the Battle of Gettysburg. It was delivered on November 19, 1863. Harkening back to the Declaration of Independence 87 years prior, Lincoln proposed the idea of equality—“all men are created equal”—as the core spirit of the Declaration and the Constitution. He goes on to reframe the context of the Civil War as a trial to see if equality can endure rather than being solely an issue of preserving the Constitution’s political framework (“the Union”).
Gettysburg Address
94
Laws passed early in the Civil War that allowed Union troops to seize enemy property that could be used in an act of war. Slaves fit under the loose definition of property and could, thus, be confiscated. The second of these acts freed slaves in any territory that was currently in rebellion against the Union. These were the first steps in the emancipation.
Confiscation Acts
95
Issued on January 1, 1863, it was an executive order that freed any slave in areas in open rebellion against the United States government. Slavery in the border states was still legal. Despite its limitations, it did much to bolster the morale of Union troops and supporters at home.
Emancipation Proclamation
96
It banned slavery and involuntary servitude, and functionally repealed the Three-Fifths Clause. Passed in early 1865 and ratified later that year, this amendment was one of Lincoln’s last major achievements prior to his assassination.
Thirteenth Amendment
97
A limit Lincoln put on civil liberties during the Civil War. He suspended this, meaning the federal government could hold an individual in jail with no charges levied against him or her.
Writ of habeas corpus
98
A law that provided a settler with 160 acres of land if he promised to live on it and work it for at least five years
Homestead Act of 1862
99
Passed in 1862, this act gave federal lands to states for the purpose of building schools that would teach agriculture, engineering, and technical trades. It provided the foundation for the state university system still in use throughout the United States.
Morrill Land Grant Act
100
This 1862 act approved building a transcontinental railroad that would transform the west by linking the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific. An example of infrastructure spending
Pacific Railway Act
101
A period (1865–1877) of rebuilding and reforming the South following the Civil War. It is considered a failure, as African Americans were left destitute and disenfranchised for another century.
Reconstruction
102
Seventeenth President. Served 1865–1869. Took office after Lincoln’s assassination. A Democrat who had run with the Republican Lincoln, he was disliked by Congress, especially for his mild terms for Reconstruction and disinterest in protecting newly freed slaves
Andrew Johnson
103
Lincoln proposed this plan in 1863 as a way to bring Southern states back under the wing of the federal government. The plan reestablished state governments and required at least 10 percent of the states’ voters to swear an oath of loyalty to the United States and the Constitution
Ten Percent Plan
104
Passed by both houses in 1864 in response to Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan. It required that 50 percent of Southern state voters take the loyalty oath, and it allowed only those citizens who had not been active members or supporters of the Confederacy to approve of the new state constitutions. Exercising his executive power, Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill by refusing to sign it.
Wade-Davis Bill
105
Government program created in 1865 to help manage and assist newly emancipated slaves. The bureau provided assistance in the form of food, shelter, and medical attention to African Americans.
Freedman’s Bureau
106
Laws passed by Southern legislatures in response to legal emancipation of slaves. These codes restricted the actions, movements, and freedoms of African Americans. Under these codes, African Americans could not own land, so they were tied instead to small plots leased from a landowner. This
Black Codes
107
Would lease land and borrow supplies to till their plots, while giving a significant portion of their harvest to the landowner as payment for the loan. This exploitative system ensured that farmers were never able to harvest enough to pay the landlord and feed their families.
Sharecropping
108
It was designed to end the Black Codes by giving African Americans full citizenship. As expected, Johnson vetoed the bill, and Congress overturned his veto.
Civil Rights Bill of 1866
109
Proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868, it protected the rights of all U.S. citizens, granted all African Americans full citizenship and civil rights, and required states to adhere to the due process and equal protection clauses of the Constitution. Furthermore, it disallowed former Confederate officers from holding state or federal office.
Fourteenth Amendment
110
Passed in 1867 by a Radical Republican Congress, it placed the South under martial law, dividing the South into five districts that would be governed by a Union general stationed in each. The act further tightened the readmission requirements of former Confederate states by requiring petitioning states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and provide for universal manhood suffrage.
Military Reconstruction Act
111
An 1867 law. It disallowed the president (Johnson) from discharging a federal appointee without the Senate’s consent. With the act, Republicans in Congress attempted to protect their positions from Johnson.
Tenure of Office Act
112
Ratified in 1870, in barred any state from denying a citizen’s right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude.
Fifteenth Amendment
113
The last of the Reconstruction-era civil rights reform made it a crime for any person to be denied full and equal use of public places, such as hotels, rail cars, restaurants, and theaters. Unfortunately, this act lacked any wording to enforce it, and it was therefore ignored by most states
Civil Rights Act of 1875
114
Term for Southern Republicans that meant they were pirates who sought to steal from state governments and line their own pockets.
Scalawags
115
Term for the stereotype of the Northerner who packed all of his worldly possessions in a suitcase made from carpet, with the aim of moving to the South during Reconstruction to make a fortune.
Carpetbaggers
116
An underground society of whites who ruthlessly and successfully used terrorist tactics to frighten both white and black Republicans in the South. While quashed by the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871, the organization survived, resurfacing and spreading throughout the country in later years
Ku Klux Klan
117
Laws passed in 1870 and 19871 that authorized the use of federal troops to quell violence and enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
Force Acts
118
A political movement that sought to return control of the former Confederacy to white Southerners. Their policy, Redemption, sought to purge the South of the influence of Republicans, carpetbaggers, and newly emancipated slaves.
Redeemers
119
Nineteenth President. Served 1877–1881. While a Civil War veteran and a Republican, he ended Reconstruction as part of the Compromise of 1877 to resolve the disputed 1876 election. Enacted modest civil service reform. Ordered federal troops to break up the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. Pledged not to run for reelection and returned to Ohio.
Rutherford B. Hayes
120
A deal that resolved the hung election of 1876. It provided that Rutherford B. Hayes would become president only if he agreed to remove the last remaining federal troops stationed in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. The end of martial law in the South signaled the end of Reconstruction in the United States.
Compromise of 1877
