Period 4 Flashcards by Hannah Adams

Third Vice President (1801–1805). Served during Thomas Jefferson’s first term. Famously killed Alexander Hamilton in an 1804 duel.

Aaron Burr

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Offered by Napoleon Bonaparte and stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the Hudson Bay, and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, for $15 million. Jefferson accepted the proposal in order to safeguard national security.

Louisiana Territory

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French military and political leader, both during the French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars. He led France from 1804 until 1814.

Napoleon Bonaparte

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Fifth President. Served 1817–1825. A Virginian and Democratic-Republican, he helped secure the Louisiana Purchase. During the War of 1812, he served as both Secretary of State and Secretary of War. The Era of Good Feelings largely overlaps with his presidency. He dealt with the Panic of 1819 and well as the Missouri Compromise. In 1823, he issued the Monroe Doctrine, a long-lasting foreign policy of the United States.

James Monroe

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In a last-minute piece of legislation Federalists created 16 new judgeships. President John Adams worked through the nights of his last days in office, appointing “midnight judges” who would serve on the bench during Jefferson’s administration. Incensed by the packing of Federalists into lifetime judicial appointments, Jefferson sought to keep these men from taking the bench. This led to the Marbury v. Madison ruling.

Judiciary Act of 1801

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Judges appointed at the very end of the Adams administration under the Judiciary Act of 1801. So-called because they were an attempt to pack the judicial branch with Federalist judges just before the Democratic-Republicans took power.

Midnight judges

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Fourth President. Served 1809–1817. A Virginian and Democratic-Republican, he served as Jefferson’s Secretary of State and helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. He led the U.S. through the War of 1812. Due to the war’s difficulties, he shifted toward supporting a stronger centralized state, a re-chartered national bank, and various internal improvements.

James Madison

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One of the “midnight judges” appointed by John Adams. Jefferson tried to stop his appointment. So, Marburg sued under the Judiciary Act of 1789, which granted the Supreme Court the authority to enforce judicial commissions. His case resulted in the landmark Marbury v. Madison decision.

William Marbury

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A Supreme Court justice. Served 1796–1811. The House impeached Chase owing to his highly Federalist partisan decisions. The Senate, however, refused to remove him because of the absence of any evidence of “high crimes and misdemeanors.” Last time that a Supreme Court justice would be impeached keeping separation of powers between the legislative and judicial branches.

Samuel Chase

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Ratified in 1804, the president and vice president were now elected as a unified ticket, rather than the vice president being the runner-up, preventing ties

Twelfth Amendment

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A Virginia planter once counted among Jefferson’s supporters in the House. Randolph opposed President Jefferson’s abandonment of his once staunch advocacy for states’ rights, believing the man had essentially become a Federalist. In reaction, he founded the Quids.

John Randolph

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A conservative wing of the Democratic-Republican party that wished to restrict the role of the federal government.

Quids

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In 1807, the British ship Leopard fired upon this ship, right off the coast of Virginia. The attack killed three Americans, and the British then impressed four sailors from Chesapeake. Despite the war fever taking hold in America, President Jefferson sought a diplomatic resolution via economic sanctions.

USS Chesapeake

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Passed in response to British and French harassment of American shipping. However, this mainly hurt the U.S. as neither nation was dependent on U.S. trade. Repealed in 1809 and replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809.

Embargo Act of 1807

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Replaced the unpopular Embargo Act of 1807. This law allowed the United States to trade with foreign nations except Britain and France. It was difficult to enforce and mostly ineffective.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

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Politicians like Henry Clay from Kentucky and John C. Calhoun from South Carolina who insisted that the War of 1812 would finally clear Britain’s influence from North America.

War hawks

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A statesman and orator from Kentucky, was known as “The Great Compromiser” for brokering multiple deals over nullification and slavery. He was also a proponent of infrastructure development that he called the American System.

Henry Clay

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A South Carolina politician and member of the Great Triumvirate. Supporter of states’ rights, nullification, and slavery. Served as Andrew Jackson’s vice president, resigned from that office to return to the Senate, where he felt he could better defend the virtues of nullification. Wrote fierce attacks upon the proposed Compromise of 1850 and affirmed the right of secession.

John C. Calhoun

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A battle that took place in the Indiana Territory on November 7, 1811. American forces under the command of Governor William Henry Harrison battled Tecumseh’s Confederacy, an American Indian force of various tribes led by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his brother “The Prophet.”

Battle of Tippecanoe

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A pair of Shawnee brothers who led a large native confederacy organized in the face of an American advance westward. Wished to purge American Indian culture of any European influence. Then-Governor William Henry Harrison and his men successfully repulsed a surprise attack by them and subsequently burned a tribal settlement at Tippecanoe. This military disaster left the brothers with a poor reputation

Tecumseh and the Prophet

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Fought 1812–1815. Tensions between the United States and Britain had been high since the attack on the USS Chesapeake. The war went poorly, and British forces burned the White House in August 1814. However, the United States managed not to lose territory and the Battle of New Orleans reinvigorated U.S. morale.

War of 1812

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Seventh President. Served 1829–1837. Advocated for the “common man” against established interests, and supported universal male suffrage for whites. He also pushed for a spoils system to reward supporters, opposed abolitionism, and killed the Second Bank of the United States. He forcefully quashed South Carolina during the Nullification Crisis. Created the Trail of Tears.

Andrew Jackson

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A battle fought between U.S. forces led by Andrew Jackson and British forces in 1815. Jackson tried to secure the economically vital port of New Orleans. American victory

Battle of New Orleans

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It ended the War of 1812, and was signed by American envoys and British diplomats in Belgium on December 24, 1814. The provisions of the treaty provided for the return of any conquered territories to their rightful owners, and the settlement of a boundary between Canada and the United States

Treaty of Ghent

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During the winter of 1814–1815, a radical group of New England Federalists met at Hartford, Connecticut to discuss ways to demand that the federal government pay them for the loss of trade due to the Embargo Act and the War of 1812. The group also proposed amending the Constitution. Some even suggested secession. However, news of the war’s end swept the nation, resulting in the Federalists being labeled unpatriotic and leading to their party’s demise.

Hartford Convention

Proposed by Henry Clay of Kentucky, it constituted three bills which collectively allowed for the admission of Missouri as a slave state while also admitting Maine as a free state. This would maintain the balance of power in the Senate. In addition, slavery would not be permitted in states admitted above the latitude 36 ̊30’ expect Missouri

Missouri Compromise

A period of national unity, it began with the close of the War of 1812 and ended in the 1820s. It saw the collapse of the Federalist Party and a decline in partisanship. It was followed by a revival of partisan bickering between the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs.

Era of Good Feelings

Sixth President. Served from 1825–1829. He was elected after striking a deal with Henry Clay in the disputed 1824 election. He became increasingly opposed to slavery, even arguing before the Supreme Court in 1841 on behalf of African slaves in the Amistad case, winning them their freedom. He criticized the Mexican-American War.

John Quincy Adams

Proposed by President Monroe in his annual address to Congress in 1823, it quickly became the basis of U.S. foreign policy in Latin America. Called for “nonintervention” in Latin America and an end to European colonization. Adhered to it throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Monroe Doctrine

To protect American production, it imposed a 20 percent duty on all imported goods. However, the passage of the tariff was unpopular in the South due to its export-oriented agricultural economy.

Tariff of 1816

U.S. senator from Massachusetts and Secretary of State. A Whig politician and member of the Great Triumvirate. During the debate over the Tariff of 1816, he complained that New England had not developed enough to withstand interruptions in its ability to trade freely with Britain. He opposed nullification. He often sought the presidency but never won. He resigned his Senate seat over the negative reception to his support for the Compromise of 1850.

Daniel Webster

Proposed by Henry Clay of Kentucky, it sought to establish manufacturing and bring in much needed revenue for internal improvements throughout the country. It included the recharter of the Bank of the United States; protective tariffs, and improvements on American infrastructure. The South did not support the plan. Internal improvements also required a stronger federal government, which potentially threatened the South’s control over their slave population.

American System

A national bank, patterned on Alexander Hamilton’s design for the original. It existed from 1818–1824. Was chartered by James Madison in 1816 to strengthen the central government after the problems encountered during the War of 1812. Contributed to the Panic of 1819, infuriating many and leading to Andrew Jackson’s successful effort to kill it, which would contribute to long-running instability in the American economy until the creation of the Federal Reserve System

Second Bank of the United States

An aspect of what became the Jacksonian Democrats. By 1820, many states had adopted universal male suffrage for whites, eliminating the property-owning requirement to be able to vote. This era signaled a retreat from exclusive rule by the well-to-do and a shift to a more democratic society.

Rise of the Common Man

Jackson’s faction of Democratic-Republicans. Favored an agrarian economy, ending the national bank, lowering tariffs, and increasing the political power of the “common man,” such as through universal male suffrage for whites. They also supported states’ rights and federal restraint in social affairs

Democrats

A faction of the splintering Democratic-Republicans during the 1828 election. They supported Henry Clay and opposed Andrew Jackson. Eventually became the Whig Party in 1836.

National Republicans

Born out of opposition to Jacksonian Democrats. Favored economic nationalism, a strong central government, and rechartering the national bank. They believed in protectionist measures such as tariffs to support American industrialization. They also promoted Clay’s American System as a way to improve the roads, canals, and infrastructure of the country. The party collapsed over the question of slavery’s expansion into newly acquired territories.

Whigs

An 1819 case that challenged the doctrine of federalism. It involved the state of Maryland attempting to collect a tax from the Second Bank of the United States. Marshall invoked the “necessary and proper” clause of the Constitution to rule that the federal government had an implied power to establish the bank. He also declared that the state had no right to tax a federal institution; he argued that “the power to tax was the power to destroy” and would signal the end of federalism. Most importantly, the ruling established that federal laws were the supreme law of the land, superseding state laws

McCulloch v. Maryland

A requirement instituted by the Jackson administration. The payment for the purchase of all federal lands had to be made in hard coin, or specie, rather than banknotes. Contributed to the Panic of 1837.

Specie Circular

A financial crisis that lasted from 1837 until the mid 1840s. Caused, in part, by Andrew Jackson killing the Bank of the United States and issuing the Specie Circular, the latter of which caused the value of paper money to plummet.

Panic of 1837

Response to New England merchants who had been pushing for stronger protection from foreign competitors. However, it was incredibly damaging to the southern economy, causing John C. Calhoun to threaten South Carolina’s secession. Calling the tariff the “Tariff of Abominations,” Calhoun recommended that the southern states declare it to be null and void if the federal government refused to lower the duty requirement. In an attempt to appease the South, Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832.

Tariff of 1828

It lowered the Tariff of 1828’s rate from 45 percent to 35 percent in a failed attempt to placate the South.

Tariff of 1832

A form of political corruption where a political parties rewards its supporters with favors, often posts to public office. Jackson was a proponent, in which he appointed those who supported his campaign to government positions

Spoils system

This law provided for the immediate forced resettlement of American Indians living in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and present-day Illinois.

Indian Removal Act

Supreme Court case from 1831. The Marshall court ruled that the Cherokee Tribe was not a sovereign foreign nation and, therefore, had no right to sue for jurisdiction over its homelands.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Supreme Court case (1832) which ruled that the state of Georgia could not infringe on the Cherokee Nation’s sovereignty, thus nullifying Georgia state laws within the tribe’s territory

Worcester v. Georgia

A Protestant religious movement that took place across the United States between the 1790s and the 1840s. Gradually came to place a greater emphasis on slavery as a sin.

Second Great Awakening

A Presbyterian minister during the Second Great Awakening. Appealed to his audience’s emotions, rather than to their reason. His “fire and brimstone” sermons became commonplace in upstate New York. Insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in God. He also was an abolitionist, and condemned slavery from the pulpit.

Charles G. Finney

Revival preachers formed this group with their initial goal to encourage drinkers simply to limit their alcohol intake, the movement soon evolved to demand absolute abstinence, as reformers began to see the negative effects that any alcohol consumption had on people’s lives. The movement quickly earned the support of state leaders

American Temperance Society

Advocates for ending slavery. Aside from the influence of Enlightenment ideas about freedom, many abolitionists believed that slavery was sinful and, therefore, must be eliminated

Abolitionists

American suffragist and abolitionist who co-founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1890 with Susan B. Anthony. Attended the Seneca Falls conference and was the principal author of the Declaration of Sentiments.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A noted abolitionist and women’s suffragist. With other feminists, she organized an landmark convention at Seneca Falls, New York, to discuss the plight of U.S. women. She co-founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1890. Died in 1906.

Susan B. Anthony

The women at the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) drafted this document. Modeled after the Declaration of Independence, it declared that “all men and women are created equal” and demanded suffrage for women.

Declaration of Sentiments

Founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833, it opposed slave traders and owners. Garrison’s radicalism soon alienated many moderates within the movement when he claimed that the Constitution was a pro-slavery document. Garrison’s insistence on the participation of women in the movement led to division among his supporters

American Anti-slavery Society

She escaped from slavery and later helped others do the same with the Underground Railroad. Helped John Brown recruit his band for the raid on Harper’s Ferry.

Harriet Tubman

An African American abolitionist and suffragist. Born into slavery in New York, she is notable as the first black woman to win a court case against a white man. She is best known for the “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech, which advocated for both abolitionism and women’s rights.

Sojourner Truth

A former slave, he published The North Star, an antislavery journal that chronicled the ugliness of slavery and argued that the Constitution could be used as a weapon against slavery. Argued for fighting slavery through legal means in contrast to some other abolitionists, who advocated varying degrees of violence to achieve abolition. An egalitarian, he also supported women’s suffrage.

Frederick Douglas

A network of abolitionists and abolitionist-sympathizers who helped slaves escape into free states and Canada. Members included Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman, among many others. Gained greater support after the Compromise of 1850.

Underground Railroad

Massive slave uprising in 1831. It resulted in the deaths of over 50 white people, and the retaliatory killings of hundreds of slaves. Afterwards, states across the South passed laws restricting civil rights for all African Americans, free or slave, and banned educating them as well

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Founder of the Mormon church. According to Mormon tradition, an angel visited him in 1823 to reveal the location of a sacred text that was inscribed on gold plates and had been buried by the fabled “Lost Tribe of Israel.” By 1830, he had allegedly translated the sacred text. He was murdered by a mob in Illinois in 1844.

Joseph Smith

Following the 1844 murder of Joseph Smith, he became the new leader of the Mormons, holding that position for 29 years until his own death in 1877 from a ruptured appendix. He led his followers west, finally settling in present-day Utah.

Brigham Young

A name for artists and writers of the Romantic Era, specifically ones who emphasized emotions and the connection between man and nature. They were a reaction to both the rationality of the Enlightenment and the burgeoning Industrial Revolution. They claimed that each person was able to communicate with God and nature directly, eliminating the need for organized churches. They promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints.

Transcendentalists

An American poet and essayist, and member of the transcendentalist movement. He was a close friend of Henry David Thoreau. Like Thoreau, he supported abolitionism and stressed self-reliance.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A transcendentalist whose book Walden chronicled a self-initiated experiment in which he removed himself from society by living in seclusion in the woods for two years. However, perhaps even more influential was his essay “On Civil Disobedience,” in which he advocated passive resistance as a form of justifiable protest.

Henry David Thoreau

A form of large-scale landscape paintings from the Romantic era.

Hudson River School

Inventor of the steamboat, which he created in 1807.

Robert Fulton

Completed in 1825 with funds provided by the state of New York, it linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. As a result, the cost of shipping dropped dramatically, and port cities along the length of the canal and its terminal points began to develop and flourish.

Erie Canal

Anti-immigrant activists in the nineteenth century. They disliked the large numbers of Irish and Germans that began to arrive in the 1840s, especially due to their Catholic faith, On the West Coast, Chinese immigrants prompted similar sentiments.

Nativists

In 1849, a wing of the nativist movement became a political party. The group opposed both immigration and the election of Roman Catholics to political office. The members of the party met in secret and would not tell anyone what they stood for, saying, “I know nothing,” when asked.

American Party/Know-Nothing Party

Men who explored the Louisiana Territory from 1804-1806, aided by Native Americans such as Sacagawea

Lewis and Clark

Gradual change between 1800-1840 where each region in the US began to specialize, technology improves, cities grow, and the US expands westward

Market Revolution

Group of trusted private investors during his presidency

Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet

Division of the American Anti-Slavery Society that allowed women

Liberty Party

Division of the American Anti-Slavery Society that didn't allow women

Foreign Anti-Slavery Society

Cotton growing region of the US, including Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana

Black Belt

1819 case that said the Supreme Court could determine if state cases were constitutional

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Created a state board of education in Massachusetss, and advocated for citizens to pay taxes to schools

Horace Mann

Fought between 1846-1848 between the US and Mexico after the annexation of Texas. Ended with the US gaining control of Texas and other parts of the southwest

Mexican American War

Created by President Polk and Britain in 1846, created the Oregon border

49th Parallel of Oregon

Uprising in 1846 in California where Mexicans living in California temporarily took control of the area and declared in independent. Ended with the US taking of control of California in 1847

Bear Flag Revolt

Treaty signed in 1848 between the US and Mexico that gave the US control of all of Texas and California in exchange of paying Mexico 15 million dollars

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo