Period 1 Flashcards
Staple crops (corn, beans, and squash) favored by many native tribes in North America. Their collective name references their interdependence
Three Sisters
A political confederation of five (later six) Iroquois tribes, which sought to coordinate collective action. Each tribe maintained its own political system and religious beliefs. Believed to have formed around 1450.
Great League of Peace
Italian explorer and colonizer. While attempting to prove a westward sea route for East Asian trade existed, he stumbled across the Bahamas in October 1492. The first European to visit the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba.
Christopher Columbus
The transmission and interchange of plants, animals, diseases, cultures, human populations (including slaves), and technologies between the New World and the Old World. Greatly benefited Europe and Asia while simultaneously bringing catastrophe to American Indian populations and cultures.
Columbian Exchange
Signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494, it decided how Christopher Columbus’s discoveries of the New World would be divided. It established the zone of Portuguese influence in what would become Brazil
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain asserted its divine right to conquer the New World, stating that its main concern was to rescue the natives from hedonism.
Spanish Requirement of 1513
Spanish explorer and conquistador. Led the first European expedition to Florida in 1513, an area which he named. Commonly said to have been hunting for the Fountain of Youth, although that motivation is considered a myth.
Juan Ponce de León
Generalized term for soldiers and explorers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires. Colonized what became Latin America in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries.
Conquistadores
A legal system established by the Spanish crown. Conquistadores or other officials were given a set number of American Indians from whom they would extract tribute while instructing in the Roman Catholic faith. In practice, it was a form of slavery.
Encomienda
Replaced the encomienda system. American Indians living in native villages were legally free. This system legally rendered indigenous slavery nonexistent; natives were allowed land, received pay for labor, and could not be bought and sold. However, they were still abused by Spanish authorities and working conditions could still be brutal.
Repartimiento
Nicknamed “the Lost Colony.” First attempted English colony in the New World. Founded in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh on an island off the modern-day North Carolina coast. By 1590, its inhabitants had vanished for reasons that still remain unknown.
Roanoke
The collective name for two joint stock companies (one of London, the other of Plymouth) that had identical charters but different (if overlapping) territorial claims. Chartered in 1606 by King James I in order to settle the North American eastern coastline.
Virginia Company
Spanish priest who advocated for Native American rights, gave up his encomienda because he didn’t like the way Native Americans were being treated
Bartolome’ de Las Casas
Control one country has over another after conquering it, also often exploits the people there and force the colonizers religion on them
Colonialism
People of Spanish descent but born in the Americas
Creoles
Estates in Spanish colonies used for many purposes such as farming and mining, used as a system for exploitation as the workers were forced to stay there to keep making the owner of the estate money
Haciendas
Land strip connecting Siberia to the Americas, allowed Natives to arrive
Beiring Land Bridge
Lived in New Mexico/Arizona from about 700-1100, cultivated 3 sisters, lived in pueblos
Anasazi People
Mound builders that lived in the Mississippi River Valley from 900-1350
Cahokia People
Lived in the Southwest where the Anasazi previously lived, built dams and canals to help farm
Pueblo People
Lived in the Northeast, near New York, was an alliance of 5 tribes, lived in longhouses, headed by women
Iroquois People
Lived in lower Mississippi Valley, lived in villages of adobe houses, farmers
Natchez People
Lived in American southeast, had villages with 7-sided buildings, even division of power between men and women
Cherokee People
Lived in southern California, specialty was fishing
Chumash People
