Period 3

Question 1

Rallying cry of the colonists during the 1760’s-1770’s, was first written in Patrick Henry’s 1765 Virginia Resolves, popularized by James Otis, a lawyer

Answer 1

“No Taxation Without Representation”

Question 2

Idea that women should raise good young men for the next generation of America

Answer 2

Republican Motherhood

Question 3

Agreeing that the national government would accept and pay off all debt from the American Revolution

Answer 3

First part of Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Question 4

Using high tariffs on imported goods and taxes on certain items like whiskey to help pay off war debt

Answer 4

Second part of Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Question 5

Creating a national bank to stabilize the economy

Answer 5

Third part of Hamilton’s Financial plan

Question 6

1754–1763. Name for the North American theater of the Seven Years’ War. Featured Britain and France, and their colonial and native allies, fighting for control of North America east of the Mississippi. While the British won, they incurred massive debts in the process. This led to trouble down the road for them.

Answer 6

French and Indian War

Question 7

First President. Served 1789–1797. Led colonial militia as an officer in the French and Indian War. Led the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War at battles such as Valley Forge and Yorktown. Later presided over the Continental Congress. Among many other acts, he established the informal two-term limit for presidents by declining to run for reelection in 1796.

Answer 7

George Washington

Question 8

Founding Father and inventor. An early campaigner for American unity, he served as the first U.S. Ambassador to France (1776–1785). Signed both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.

Answer 8

Benjamin Franklin

Question 9

A proposal by the Albany Congress, under the guidance of Benjamin Franklin, during the French and Indian War. It called for a confederation of colonies to defend against attack by European and native foes. Rejected by the colonial assemblies due to concern over the central consolidation of power, and by the British government because they felt it allowed for too much colonial independence.

Answer 9

Albany Plan of Union

Question 10

A Whig statesman who shifted British efforts in the French and Indian War from colonial skirmishes to the capturing of Canada, with key victories in Louisbourg (1758), Quebec (1759), and Montreal (1760). This effectively removed France’s presence from North America.

Answer 10

William Pitt

Question 11

Treaty which capped off the French and Indian War. The British took control of French Canada and Spanish Florida, effectively removing France’s presence from North America

Answer 11

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Question 12

An 18-month conflict with the American Indians of the Ohio Valley. Led by Chief Pontiac, leader of the Ottawa people, natives attacked British colonial settlements from the Great Lakes to Virginia. Resulted in the Proclamation of 1763.

Answer 12

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Question 13

In reaction to Pontiac’s Rebellion, King George III barred American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British saw this as a quick and easy way to make peace while securing the fur trade. Colonists, however, were incensed by the crown’s interference in their ability to settle land they had won in the French and Indian War. The colonists often ignored it. An important contributing factor to the American Revolution.

Answer 13

Proclamation of 1763

Question 14

A law passed by Parliament in 1764. It limited the use of colonial paper money, in order to protect British merchants from depreciation. While not a major contributing factor to the American Revolution, it did signify growing British interest in regulating the colonies.

Answer 14

Currency Act

Question 15

A 1764 law which raised the previous amount demanded on sweeteners (molasses and sugar). Part of British attempts to pay off debt from the French and Indian War.

Answer 15

Sugar Act

Question 16

A 1765 act of Parliament that required colonial citizens to provide room and board for British soldiers stationed in America. Wildly unpopular.

Answer 16

Quartering Act

Question 17

A pivotal 1765 law. It required that all paper in the colonies, from death and marriage certificates to newspapers, have a stamp affixed signifying that the required tax had been paid.

Answer 17

Stamp Act

Question 18

Founding Father. Young Virginian lawyer and Patriot. In reaction to the Stamp Act, he accused the British government of usurping the rights guaranteed to colonists as Englishmen. He encouraged his fellow leaders to insist that Virginians be taxed only by Virginians, not by some distant royal authority.

Answer 18

Patrick Henry

Question 19

A Patriot from Massachusetts. Coined the phrase “Taxation without representation is tyranny,” which is popularly abbreviated as “no taxation without representation.”

Answer 19

James Otis

Question 20

A meeting of representatives of nine of the Thirteen Colonies. They sent word to England that only colonial legislatures had the authority to tax the colonists. Repealed in 1766 and replaced with the Declaratory Act.

Answer 20

Stamp Act Congress

Question 21

A group of Patriot activists who intimidated tax collectors by attacking their homes, burning them in effigy, and even tarring and feathering them. They also ransacked warehouses that held stamps and burned them to the ground.

Answer 21

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Question 22

Founding Father. Led the Sons and Daughters of Liberty. Also penned Massachusetts Circular Letter in 1768, which demanded that the Townshend Act be repealed.

Answer 22

Samuel Adams

Question 23

Replaced the Stamp Act. A 1766 law that maintained the right of the crown to tax the colonies, as Parliament’s authority was identical in both Britain and North America.

Answer 23

Declaratory Act

Question 24

A revenue plan passed by Parliament in 1767. It imposed harsher taxes on the purveyors of imported goods such as glass, paper, and tea. In addition, a special board of customs officials was appointed to enforce writs of assistance. Repealed 1770.

Answer 24

Townshend Acts

Question 25

Authorized under the Townshend Acts, writs allowed customs officials to search colonial homes, businesses, and warehouses for smuggled goods without a warrant from a judge. Led to the Massachusetts Circular Letter.

Answer 25

Writs of assistance

Question 26

Founding Father from Pennsylvania. He wrote a series of essays called “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” which rekindled interest in the issue of taxation without representation during the Townshend Acts. He oversaw the drafting of the Articles of Confederation.

Answer 26

John Dickinson

Question 27

Penned by Samuel Adams, it was a response to the Townshend Acts and the resulting writs of assistance. It demanded the Townshend Act be immediately repealed. Widely circulated, it rejuvenated boycotts of British goods.

Answer 27

Massachusetts Circular Letter

Question 28

A landmark incident on March 5, 1770 that helped alienate the American people from Parliament and King George III. Angered by the Quartering Act, a crowd of Bostonians harassed the British troops guarding a local customs house. The guards fired upon the crowd, killing five and wounding six protesters. John Adams would defend the guards tried for this incident and secure their acquittal.

Answer 28

Boston Massacre

Question 29

A means by which Patriots could circulate letters of protest against British policies. It functioned as a kind of shadow opposition government in the runup to the American Revolutionary War. Vital in organizing the Continental Congress.

Answer 29

Committees of Correspondence

Question 30

British warship commissioned to capture vessels carrying smuggled goods before they reached the colonies. The Sons of Liberty set fire to the boat, and event celebrated throughout coastal colonial towns as a victory for the tax-burdened consumer.

Answer 30

Gaspee Affair

Question 31

A 1773 law that actually lowered the price of tea, but colonists were now wary of any British attempt to collect revenue. They refused to purchase the tea.

Answer 31

Tea Act

Question 32

In protest of the Tea Act, Bostonians dressed as American Indians boarded British merchant ship and dumped their tea into Boston Harbor. Resulted in closure of the Harbor, the colonial charter of Massachusetts being revoked, and the Quartering Act.

Answer 32

Boston Tea Party

Question 33

A 1774 act of Parliament that which allowed the former French region to expand its borders, taking away potential lands from colonists in the Ohio River Valley. Even more offensive to the largely Protestant colonists, it also allowed Quebec citizens to practice Catholicism freely

Answer 33

Quebec Act

Question 34

A colonial term for a number of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party

Answer 34

Intolerable Acts

Question 35

An attempt by the First Continental Congress to reconcile the Thirteen Colonies with the British Empire. Addressed to King George III, it urged him to correct the wrongs incurred by the colonists while simultaneously acknowledging the authority of Parliament to regulate colonial trade and commerce.

Answer 35

Declaration and Resolves

Question 36

Organized in 1774 as a response to the Intolerable Acts, colonial leaders managed to urge their colonies to expand military reserves and organize boycotts of British goods in the meantime.

Answer 36

First Continental Congress

Question 37

British general. Led the British response to Pontiac’s Rebellion. Served as military governor of Massachusetts (1774–1775) to enforce the Intolerable Acts. Led British forces at Lexington and Concord, as well as Bunker Hill. Replaced in 1775 by William Howe.

Answer 37

Thomas Gage

Question 38

A document published by the Continental Congress on July 6, 1775. It justified the raising of a professional colonial military force and urged King George III a second time to consider colonial grievances.

Answer 38

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms

Question 39

King of Great Britain and Ireland. He reigned from 1760 to 1820. Dismissed attempts by the Second Continental Congress to peacefully resolve their conflict with Parliament on the grounds that the colonies had no authority to form such a body.

Answer 39

King George III

Question 40

A July 1775 statement by the Continental Congress that reasserted colonial loyalty to King George III and asked him to intervene with Parliament on the colonies’ behalf. The king refused to recognize the legitimacy of the Congress to make any such request.

Answer 40

Olive Branch Petition

Question 41

An English-born political activist in the American and French Revolutions. Author of Common Sense.

Answer 41

Thomas Paine

Question 42

A pamphlet that used Enlightenment philosophy to argue that it would be contrary to common sense to allow British injustices to continue. Written and published in January 1776 by Thomas Paine.

Answer 42

Common Sense

Question 43

An assembly of delegates from across the Thirteen colonies (1775–1781). It passed the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation.

Answer 43

Second Continental Congress

Question 44

Founding Father. Authored the Declaration of the Independence. First Secretary of State (1779–1781). Second Vice President (1797–1801). Helped found the Democratic-Republican Party in 1794. Co-authored the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

Answer 44

Thomas Jefferson

Question 45

Announced the colonies’ official break from England, making the United States a country in its own right. It contained a preamble that heavily reflected Enlightenment philosophy regarding natural rights, as well as 27 grievances and charges of wrongdoing directed at the crown and Parliament.

Answer 45

Declaration of Independence

Question 46

Activists for independence from the British Empire. Mostly young New Englanders and Virginians. Often did not have significant status in society. Many volunteered their time to the Continental Army, typically without pay.

Answer 46

Patriots

Question 47

A general in the American Revolutionary War. He participated in the Capture of Fort Ticonderoga and the Battle of Saratoga. Most infamously remembered for defection to the British, which caused his name to become a byword for treason

Answer 47

Benedict Arnold

Question 48

An umbrella term for two battles fought 18 days apart in Autumn 1777. British forces under General Burgoyne attacked U.S. forces led by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold. The British were eventually forced to retreat. News of the American victory led to the introduction of French aid, reshaping the entire war.

Answer 48

Battle of Saratogav

Question 49

Treaty which officially ended the American Revolutionary War. The U.S. agreed to repay debts to British merchants and promised not to punish Loyalists who chose to remain in the United States. Formal recognition of the United States as an independent country. Set the geographic boundaries between the British Empire and the United States.

Answer 49

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Question 50

A collection of American Indian tribes in the eighteenth century. In the Northwest Indian War (1785–1795), a military alliance led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket attempted to resist the expansion of the U.S. into the Old Northwest territory.

Answer 50

Miami Confederacy

Question 51

War chief of the Miami Confederacy during the Northwest Indian War. Along with Blue Jacket, he informed Americans that the Confederacy considered the Ohio River the northwestern boundary of the newfound United States. At St. Clair’s Defeat, his troops killed over a thousand U.S. officers and soldiers in the largest American Indian victory in history.

Answer 51

Little Turtle

Question 52

The final battle of the Northwest Indian War, fought against the Miami Confederacy. Led to the Treaty of Greenville. The forces under “Mad Anthony” Wayne, recruited after St. Clair’s Defeat, would form the core of what became the United States Army.

Answer 52

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Question 53

A 1795 treaty in which 12 American Indian tribes ceded vast areas of the Old Northwest to the federal government, including most of what is now Indiana and Ohio. In return, the tribes of the Miami Confederacy were given an initial payment of $20,000 and an annual payment of $9,000. Ended the Northwest Indian War.

Answer 53

Treaty of Greenville

Question 54

A British philosopher whose theory of natural rights challenged the absolute and divine rule of kings and queens by asserting that all men should be ruled by natural laws, and that sovereignty was derived from the will of those governed. Also asserted that the governed have a responsibility to rebel against a government that fails to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

Answer 54

John Locke

Question 55

Second President. Served 1791–1801. First Vice President (1789–1797). Lobbied for declaring independence at the Continental Congress. Signed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and built up the armed forces during the Quasi-War.

Answer 55

John Adams

Question 56

An Enlightenment concept advocated by the French philosopher Montesquieu in his seminal 1748 work The Spirit of the Laws. It is the idea that a government’s power should be divided into multiple branches that balance and check each other.

Answer 56

Separation of powers

Question 57

A form of democracy in which the people directly vote on matters of policy, rather than electing delegates to decide for them as in representative democracy.

Answer 57

Direct democracy

Question 58

The first constitution of the U.S., drafted alongside the Declaration of Independence but by a separate committee. It strongly favored states’ rights and forbid Congress from levying taxes. Ratified in 1781. Replaced by the Constitution following Shays’ Rebellion. See: Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

Answer 58

Articles of Confederation

Question 59

Established the basis for the Public Land Survey System whereby settlers could purchase land in the undeveloped West. It required new townships to set aside a parcel of land reserved for public education. At this time, Congress did not have the power to raise revenue via taxes, so this Ordinance created a local mechanism for funding public education.

Answer 59

Land Ordinance of 1785

Question 60

Under the Articles of Confederation, it established guidelines for attaining statehood: territories with at least 60,000 people could apply for statehood. If accepted by Congress, the new state would have equal status with other states. It banned slavery north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, thereby guaranteeing future free states in the Midwest.

Answer 60

Northwest Ordinance of 1785

Question 61

Massachusetts farmer and Revolutionary War veteran. He led a short-lived populist uprising that demanded tax and debt relief. Pardoned in 1788

Answer 61

Daniel Shays

Question 62

An insurrection in Massachusetts (1786–1787) over oppressive taxes and debt collectors. Led by Daniel Shays. It helped spur the Constitutional Convention.

Answer 62

Shays’ Rebellion

Question 63

Founding Father from Virginia. Known as the “Father of the Constitution” for his role in drafting it and the Bill of Rights. Contributed to the Federalist Papers. Co-founded the Democratic-Republican Party

Answer 63

James Madison

Question 64

Founding Father and co-author of the Federalist Papers. As the first Secretary of the Treasury, he set out to repair the nation’s credit and overall financial health. Favored a strong executive, strong military, and political centralization

Answer 64

Alexander Hamilton

Question 65

A meeting that took place in Philadelphia from May 25 to September 17, 1787. Ostensibly called to amend the Articles of Confederation, the majority of the delegates arrived with the intention to simply draft a new constitution, one which is still in use to the modern-day.

Answer 65

Constitutional Convention

Question 66

A plan put forth by Edmund Randolph at the Constitutional Convention that favored larger states. It called for representation in both legislative houses to be based solely on population: proportional representation.

Answer 66

Virginia Plan

Question 67

A proposal by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention. It called for equal representation in the legislative branch, regardless of the number of citizens of a state, in one legislative body. This structure would be similar to that under the Articles of Confederation.

Answer 67

New Jersey Plan

Question 68

Also known as the Great Compromise of 1787, or the Sherman Compromise. A proposal at the Constitutional Convention that membership in one branch of the legislature be based on state population, and the other branch (the Senate) have equal representation for all states, with each state having one vote.

Answer 68

Connecticut Compromise

Question 69

A compromise at the Constitutional Convention regarding how to elect the president. Electors cast votes as representatives of their states, which delegates believed would protect the election process from corruption and the influence of factions (political parties).

Answer 69

Electoral College

Question 70

Infamous compromise at the Constitutional Convention. It held that enslaved person in the South was counted as three-fifths of a person. In addition, the South conceded to the end of the legal importation of slaves in 1808.

Answer 70

Three-Fifths Compromise

Question 71

Supported an orderly, efficient central government that could protect their economic status; these well-organized leaders often wielded significant political control. Members included George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton. An early political party.

Answer 71

Federalists

Question 72

A post-revolutionary political faction that were wary of centralization and infringements upon individual liberties, especially when it came to taxation. Their criticism spurred the creation of the Bill of Rights, and they would go on to contribute to the formation of the Democratic-Republicans.

Answer 72

Anti-Federalists

Question 73

Founding Father. The fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801–1835). Cemented the concept of judicial review, making the judicial branch coequal to the executive and legislative. A Federalist, his rulings reinforced the supremacy of federal law.

Answer 73

John Marshall

Question 74

Umbrella term for the first 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. It explicitly lists protections for individual rights and state sovereignty. Created to secure the support of Anti-Federalists in ratifying the U.S. Constitution, which initially had no such guarantees.

Answer 74

Bill of Rights

Question 75

Founding Father from New York. President of the Second Continental Congress. First Chief Justice (1989–1795). An early leader in the Federalist Party. Contributed to the Federalist Papers.

Answer 75

John Jay

Question 76

A collection of letters written in the late 1780s urging ratification of the Constitution. Authors include Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.

Answer 76

Federalist Papers

Question 77

Established the structure of the Judiciary Branch, with the Supreme Court consisting of one presiding chief justice and five associate justices. It also provided for the establishment of 13 District Courts and three Circuit Court of Appeals.

Answer 77

Judiciary Act of 1789

Question 78

1803 ruling that stated Congress cannot pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution, and that it is the judicial system’s job to interpret what the Constitution permits. Overturned a clause in the Judiciary Act of 1789 that granted the Supreme Court the power to command any subordinate government authority to take or not take an action that is that authority’s legal duty.

Answer 78

Marbury v. Madison

Question 79

A tariff on imports. Northerners favored a higher rate to protect their manufacturing industry from foreign encroachment, while Southern farmers wanted a lower rate to provide for cheaper consumer goods.

Answer 79

Tariff Act of 1789

Question 80

An early test of the American government’s power under the new Constitution. Angered by the Federalist government’s excise tax imposed on distilled liquors such as whiskey, farmers in western Pennsylvania rebelled over being taxed by a government that seemingly did not represent them. Quickly defeated, it proved the new central government’s power to stop rebellions and maintain peace.

Answer 80

Whiskey Rebellion

Question 81

A national bank in which the federal government held the major financial interest. The national treasury would keep its deposits in the bank, keeping the funds safe and available as loanable funds. The brainchild of Alexander Hamilton. Opposed by Thomas Jefferson on Constitutional grounds.

Answer 81

Bank of the United States

Question 82

Also called Jeffersonian Republicans. Founded by Anti-Federalists and agrarian interests, it was a political party that championed states’ rights and the viewpoint of the common man.

Answer 82

Democratic-Republicans

Question 83

A declaration of neutrality in the ongoing conflicts between Britain and France resulting from the French Revolution. Supported by Washington and Hamilton. Decried by Jefferson and Madison.

Answer 83

Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793

Question 84

Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in 1794 but shaped by Hamilton, it realized several American economic goals, including the removal of British forts in the Northwest Territory. Britain also benefited, as the treaty gave “most favored nation” trading status to Britain and allowed them to continue anti-French maritime policies. Both the Democratic-Republicans and the French were angered by the treaty, which was authorized for 10 years.

Answer 84

Jay’s Treaty

Question 85

A treaty between the U.S. and Spain, ratified in 1796. It negotiated a settlement of boundary, right of navigation along the Mississippi River, and right to deposit goods for transportation at the Port of New Orleans. The Spanish made these concessions in order to avoid a possibly alliance between its rival, Britain, and the United States.

Answer 85

Pinckney’s Treaty

Question 86

An open letter penned by George Washington in 1797. It warned the American people to remain neutral with regard to European affairs, to avoid entangling alliances, and to refrain from the formation of political parties.

Answer 86

Farewell Address

Question 87

A major political scandal. Three agents of French Foreign Minister Talleyrand—only identified as X, Y, and Z—demanded a large sum of money as a loan and an additional bribe from an American diplomatic delegation just for the opportunity to speak with French officials. The delegation refused to comply. Led to the Quasi-War.

Answer 87

XYZ Affair

Question 88

Laws passed by Congress in 1789. The Alien Acts increased the residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years and gave the president power to detain and/or deport enemy aliens during wartime. The Sedition Act criminalized the making of false statements that were critical of the president or of Congress. Both acts were an attempt by the Federalists to silence the Democratic-Republicans.

Answer 88

Alien and Sedition Acts

Question 89

One of two notable responses to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Covertly written by Thomas Jefferson, it declared that states could overrule federal law, as the U.S. Constitution drew its powers only from what the sovereign states delegated to it. An important precedent for later acts of nullification.

Answer 89

Kentucky Resolution

Question 90

One of two notable responses to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Covertly written by James Madison, it declared that states could overrule federal law, as the U.S. Constitution drew its powers only from what the sovereign states delegated to it. An important precedent for later acts of nullification.

Answer 90

Virginia Resolution