Period 4: 1800-1848 Flashcards
Marbury vs. Madison
Marbury tries to sue gov’t bc TJ wants to override Adam’s appointment of Marbury in favor of Mad.
Marshall dismisses case by claiming that the Act that appointed Marbury is unconstitutional
Sig? Gave SC power to interpret federal laws as unconstitutional!!
Toussaint l’Ouverture
Leader of ex-slaves in Santo Domingo that fought back successfully against Napoleon
Sig? Napoleon no longer has any goods to store in Louisiana–> he offers to sell it to the US
Judicial review
Created by Marbury vs. Madison case
SC has last word on question of constitutionality
Sig? Judicial branch can check legislative branch by invalidating federal laws
Impressment
British boats claim right to seize British deserters from US ships, but take 6,000 US citizens instead
Sig? Makes Americans reallllyy mad and want a war with GB
Non-Intercourse Act
Formally reopened trade w/ all nations except GB and France after TJ’s embargo
Sig? Increased support for Federalist party, encouraged illegal trade, actually helps manufacturing in NE
Macon’s Bill #2
Reopened US trade with everyone
But- whichever one repealed their restrictions first (GB or France), US would restore embargo against other one
Sig? Napoleon agrees first–> US establishes embargo against only GB–> step towards end of US neutrality
Tecumseh
Shawnee who with his bro (the Prophet) began to build an Indian confederacy against ceding land to the US
Sig? Military genius who was eventually driven into an alliance w/ GB after defeat @ Tippecanoe
War hawks
In 1811, Congress & HoR were flooded by young war heads who wanted to beat GB and wipe out Indians
Sig? Represents inevitability of war with GB and public support for the war
Tippecanoe
Battle between Shawnees (led by the prophet) and US (William Henry Harrison). US kills a bunch of Indians and burns the town, earning Indian land
Sig- forces Tecumseh to ally with the British and acts as a catalyst for the war of 1812
Chesapeake-Leopard affair
Chesapeake, a U.S. Naval ship, is pulled over by the British Leopard bc they want to impress british soldiers. Chesapeake refuses and GB shoots it at close range, killing 3.
Sig? Public outrage and support for war, decline of support for TJ’s “peaceful coercion)
Oliver Perry
United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812
Sig- signifies naval successes even though the U.S. had many land defeats in Canada
Missouri compromise
MO & anything south of the 36th parallel is a slave state, ME & anything north is free
Sig- signifies fractioning among colonies due to land issues, northerners felt they got a worse deal bc northern land sucks
Election of 1824 (corrupt bargain)
AJ wins popular vote, but Henry Clay endorses JQA in the house-> JQ wins and makes clay sec of state
Sig? JQ is super unpopular, people demand an end to elections that are “behind closed doors”-> democratization
National Republican Party (Whigs)
Led by JQA Supported high tariffs & American system of roads, canals, universities, etc Lots of interests, not very unified Anti slavery Pro BUS Major decisions = up to fed gov't Sig? Really similar to Federalist Party!
Jacksonian democrats
Led by AJ No BUS States rights on slavery, Indians, and internal improvements Saw themselves as common people Sig? Like democratic republicans
Spoil system (under Jacksonian democracy)
Reward political supporters with offices
Sig? Increases party loyalty and promotes some unqualified people to public offices
Tariff of abominations
Really high protective tariff to protect NE industry passed under Adams
Sig? Angers the south bc they have to pay more for imported goods & deal with retaliatory tariffs-> leads to nullification crisis
Nullification crisis
The SC exposition nullifies the tariff-> congress slightly lowers tariff-> SC still nullifies it & threatens to secede-> AJ threatens to invade-> Clay compromises!
Sig? Led to compromise tariff of 1833 & force bill (authorized pres to use army to collect tariffs). Shows widening regional conflicts and foreshadows civil war!
Indian removal act
Passed in 1830 under AJ, led to uprooting of 100,000+Indians, especially “5 civilized tribes” to the west to “keep them safe” from white men
Aka trail of tears
Sig? Les to criticism of Jackson’s cruelty and authority (bc he ignored court orders). Also led to black hawk war & Seminole war, in both of which the Indians were crushed. Plus white men pushed farther westward than promised!
Bank War
Henry Clay tries to pass a bill to renew the BUS, AJ vetoes bc he thinks it’s unconstitutional, overriding both congress and the SC
Sig? AJ believes executive branch is the most important and most powerful of the 3! Plus more public support for AJ bc a lot of the common people didn’t like the BUS bc it benefitted the elite
Anti-Masonic party
Founded in 1832
Opposed secret society of Masonic order, appealed on public suspicion
Anti-Jacksonian
Sig? First 3rd party in America
Specie Circular Act
AJ drained federal bank of funds into pet banks-> flooded country with paper money-> specie circular requires all land to be purchSed with hard money
Sig? Causes the financial panic of 1837
Panic of 1837
Causes? Rampant speculation based on sketchy small banks, bank war, specie circular act, failure of banks in Britain
Hundreds of american banks, including gov’t pet banks, closed, factories closed, unemployment and debt skyrocketed
Sig? Led to passage of divorce bill, which divorced gov’t from banking completely in 1840
Texas war for independence
Outlaws & other Americans start immigrating to TX-> friction between TX and MX bc TX wants slaves & were supposed to stop immigrating
TX fights Santa Anna, other Americans rush to aid & they win all territory to rio grande
Sig? US violated its policy of neutrality & if TX joins the U.S. american slavery is enlarged
Log cabin & hard cider campaign
Whigs support William Henry Harrison & win public support by portraying him as a common farmer who lives in a log cabin & enjoys hard cider
Sig? Both parties claimed to be the party of the “common man”, politicians have to appeal to the masses not the elites, cementing of a two party system that was socially & geographically diverse
2nd great awakening
Starts in 1790s, continues into reform
Reaction against growing liberalism (like deism and Unitarianism)
Spread by “camp meetings”
Methodists & baptists were most successful (kinda liberal and v emotional)
Sig? Reorganized churches, created new sects, and encouraged reform in other areas (prison, temperance, women, abolitionism), women play an important role in new religion
Charles finney
Spoke to huge crowds to convert them during 2nd awakening
Preached old doctrines but was innovative
Sig? Encourages women to pray aloud, denounced alcohol and slavery- shows how 2GA sparked reforms
Brigham young
After Joseph smith was murdered, Brigham young (super stern and severe) led the Mormons to Utah (1846-47)
Sig? Creates a prosperous and cooperative community of thousands in Utah! Also, leads to crisis when a federal army matched against them in 1857 (bc they hated polygamy)
Horace Mann
Campaigned for better schools, longer terms, higher pay for teachers, and a better curriculum in order to instill republican values in kids
Sig? Delivered much needed reforms to horrible schoolhouses!! But… Education is still a luxury in some places & blacks can’t be educated
Catherine Beecher
Said that women were natural teachers and that they should teach kids moral & religious things. Anti-suffragist tho
Sig? Degraded the position of teaching BC it was seen as “women’s work”
Temperance
Movement to prohibit alcohol to better factory and family life
American Temperance Society (26)
Led by Neal Dow who sponsored the prohibition in Maine
Sig? Although it was openly broken or repealed in many states, it reduced drinking of hard liquor
Elizabeth Stanton and Susan b anthony and Lucretia Mott
Women suffragists who met at seneca falls
Stanton wrote a declaration of statements which declared that all men & women were created equal
Sig? Women’s rights were eclipsed by slaves rights, but they did get gradually admitted to colleges and allowed to own property
Seneca falls convention
1848
Feminists met and demanded equality and suffrage
Rebelled against cult of domesticity
Sig? Launched modern women’s rights movement! But overshadowed by abolitionist movement
Communitarians
Attempted to set up communities based on cooperation
Sometimes radical- eg Oneida community practiced free love and eugenics
Sig? Most failed-> capitalism (competition) reigns supreme
Hudson River school
A place where painters turned from portraits to romantic depictions of landscapes
Transcendentalists
Eg Thoreau, Emerson, Whitman, Longfellow, Dickinson
Emphasized a spiritual connection to the natural world, individualism, optimism, social reform
Sig? Contributed to the formation of an American spirit and convinced other countries that the U.S. could produce valid philosophers and authors
Reasons for population growth during market revolution
Irish and Germans mainly
Potato famine
Know nothing party
Arises in 1850s due to nativist backlash against Irish and Germans
Lowell system
Textile factory in Massachusetts that employed a lot of women
Regional economic differences
North-manufacturing
West- agriculture
South- cash crops like cotton
New transportation during Mrev
steam boats= transport goods all across country Canal boom (20s-30s) like Erie which linked NE and MW Railroad booms (30s-60s)
New farming technology during MRev
Steel plow=easier to move west and break new land
Reaper
Cotton gin (1793 tho)=huge demand for slavery and raw supplies for northern factories
Sig? Subsistence farming–> large scale farming
Dorothea Dix
Advocates for mental health facilities during reform era
