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Period 4: 1800-1848 Flashcards

1
Q

why was the election of 1800 known as the Revolution of 1800

A

b/c it was a peaceful transition of power between the 2 political parties, first of its kind

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2
Q

analyze Thomas Jefferson’s philosophy of govt

A

“the less government, the better”
he believes govt shouldn’t mettle in the affairs of people. Less govt interference equals more freedom

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3
Q

who were the midnight judges and evaluate Marbury v Madison (1803)

A

President John Adams appoints Federalist judges to maintain power when Thomas Jefferson becomes president (tried to pack the courts)

M v M led to judicial review

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4
Q

describe the Louisiana Purchase

A

President Thomas Jefferson buys Louisiana from France

he purchases it w/o getting permission from Congress

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5
Q

what does Jefferson going around Congress to purchase Louisiana mean for both the nation and the power of the presidency

A

sets precedent that the Constitution is simply a suggestion to be broken by presidents

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6
Q

Adams-Onis Treaty

A

1819 Spain ceded all its lands east of the Mississippi to America

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7
Q

American System

A

plan proposed by Henry Clay to promote the US economy by combining federally funded internal improvements to aid farmers w/ federal tariffs to protect US manufacturing and a national bank to oversee economic development

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8
Q

American System of Manufacturing

A

production system focused on water-powered machinery, division of labor, and the use of interchangeable parts, greatly increased the productivity of American manufacturing

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9
Q

Bank of the United States

A

the national bank established in 1791. the bank was responsible for holding large portions of federal funds and distributing loans and currency

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10
Q

Barbary States

A

name for the coastal region of North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya). Jefferson refused to continue paying tribute to the Barbary States and it led to conflict. Congress accepted a treaty that reduced the tribute

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11
Q

Battle of New Orleans

A

January 1815, General Andrew Jackson led American troops in an attack against the British unaware that the war had already ended. Made Jackson a national hero, but made the Federalists look foolish. US victory

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12
Q

Corps of Discovery

A

expedition to explore territory from the Louisiana Purchase - LOUIS & CLARKE

aided by natives while on their expedition

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13
Q

Cult of Domesticity

A

new ideals of womanhood that emerged alongside the middle class in the 1830s and 1840s that called for women to be confined to the domestic sphere and devote themselves to the care of children, the house, and hard-working husbands

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14
Q

Embargo Act

A

1807 act that prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports until Britain and France repealed restrictions on US trade. the act had a devastating impact on American commerce

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15
Q

Erie Canal

A

waterway stretching from the Mohawk River to Buffalo, NY. linked western farmers to the Hudson River, made NYC the premier seaport

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16
Q

Haitian Revolution

A

revolt against French rule by free and enslaved black ppl in the 1790s on the island of Saint Domingue. it led to the establishment of the Republic of Haiti, the first independent black -led nation in the Americas, in 1803

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17
Q

Hartford Convention

A

1814 convention of Federalists opposed to the War of 1812. Delegates to the convention considered a # of constitutional amendments, as well as the possibility of secession.

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18
Q

Judiciary Act

A

Federalist act that created 6 additional circuit courts and 16 new judgeships which President Adams filled w/ Midnight Appointments before he left office. Jefferson believed this was to keep Federalist power and block Dem-Rep actions

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19
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

US govt’s 1803 purchase from France of the vast territory stretching from the Miss River to the Rocky Mts and from New Orleans to present-day Montana, doubling the size of the nation

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20
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

1803 Supreme Court decision that established the authority of the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of federal laws

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21
Q

Judicial Review

A

the Supreme Court’s ability to rule on cases @ both the federal & state level

caused by Marbury v. Madison

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22
Q

Market Revolution

A

innovation in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation in the early 1800s that fueled increased efficiency and productivity and linked northern industry with western farmers and south plantations

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23
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland

A

1819 Supreme Court decision that reinforced the federal govt’s ability to employ an expansive understanding of the implied powers clause of the Constitution

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24
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

1820 act that established the southern border of Missouri as the boundary between slave and free states

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25
Monroe Doctrine
assertion by President James Monroe in 1823 that the western hemisphere was part of the US sphere of influence. although the US didn't have the power to back up its claim, it signaled an intention to challenge Euro authority in the Americas
26
Mutual Aid Societies
a community-based network that connects people in need w/ resources, attracted African Americans to urban areas like Philadelphia
27
National Road (Cumberland Road)
road constructed using federal funds that ran from western Maryland through SW Pennsylvania to Wheeling, West Virginia; completed in 1818, it was part of a large push to improve the nation's infrastructure
28
Non-Intercourse Acts
act passed by Congress in 1809 allowing Americans to trade w/ every nation except France and Britain. the act failed to stop the seizure of American ships or improve the economy
29
Panic of 1819
the nation's 1st severe recession. it lasted 4 years and resulted from irresponsible banking practices and the declining demand abroad for American goods, including cotton
30
Panic of 1837
severe economic recession that began shortly after Martin Van Buren's presidential inauguration, started in the south and was rooted in the changing fortunes of American cotton in Great Britain
31
Second Bank of the United States
national bank chartered after the original was left to expire, poor banking practices led to the panic of 1819
32
Tariff of 1816 & Tariff of 1828
after the war of 1812, Britain began selling their goods in American markets for below market prices, tariff was created to protect American manufacturers 1828: extended duties to include raw materials (wool, hemp, molasses), passed despite opposition from southeast states
33
temperance
the movement to moderate and then ban the sale and consumption of alcohol the emerged in the early 19th century as part of the large push for improving society
34
unions
groups of workers seeking rights and benefits from their employers through their collective efforts
35
War of 1812
1812-1815 war between US and Britain. the war was one consequence of ongoing conflict between GB and France, as each nation sought to forcibly restrict the US' trade w/ the other
36
John Quincy Adams
secretary of state for James Monroe, negotiated the Adams-Onis Treaty
37
Henry Clay
a KY congressman, proposed the American system, the great negotiator
38
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President (1801-1809), Democratic-Republicans
39
Andrew Jackson
general of US army (led battle of New Orleans), 7th president (1829-1837), congressman
40
James Monroe
5th president (1817-1825), dem-rep
41
Tecumseh
a Shawnee native who helped create a Pan-American Indian alliance in the Ohio river valley that resisted white encroachments on their territory
42
"Corrupt Bargain"
agreement between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential election that Clay would withdraw from the race in exchange for an appointment in Adams' cabinet
43
Democrats
party that resulted from the split of Democratic-Republicans in the early 1820s. Andrew Jackson emerged as the leader of the Democrats
44
National Republicans
party that resulted from the split of the Democratic-Republicans in the early 1820s. Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams emerged as leaders of the National Republicans.
45
Petticoat Affair
Andrew Jackson appointed John Eaton to his cabinet (Eaton had an affair w/ a women then married her), the wives of Washington's leading politicians snubbed Mrs. Eaton and Eaton was eventually forced from office
46
identify the practice of impressment and how it culminated with the British in the Chesapeake Affair
US ships start going around British waterways to avoid impressment then british start impressing US sailors off US coast
47
how did Jefferson respond to the Chesapeake Affair
uses economic pressure (Embargo Act) to force Britain & France to respect US neutrality
48
analyze the effects of the Embargo Act on the American economy
tanks US economy because it impedes our trade
49
describe the Treaty of Greenville and its major complications with Native Americans
allowed Americans to move into Indiana, promised to honor Native ancestral lands (settlers ignored this) angers natives
50
identify the causes of the War of 1812
1. Land Hunger: US desire for more land (Canada) 2. Maritime Grievances: impressment 3. War Hawks: group of congressmen trying to make their mark on history like their fathers did
51
the alamo
Texas fort captured by General Santa Anna on March 6, 1836, from rebel defenders. Sensationalist accounts of the siege of the Alamo increased popular support in the US for Texas independence
52
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1831 Supreme Court ruling that denied the Cherokee claim to be a separate independent nation, ruling that all American Indian nations were "domestic dependent nations" rather than fully sovereign govts
53
gag rule
rule passed by the House of Representatives in 1836 to postpone action on all antislavery petitions w/o hearing them read in an attempt to stifle debate over slavery. It was renewed annually until it was rescinded in 1844.
54
Indian Removal Act
1830 act supported by President Andrew Jackson, by which American Indian peoples in the East were forced to exchange their lands for territory west of the Mississippi River
55
Ordinance of Nullification
1823 law passed by South Carolina proclaiming several congressional tariff acts null and void within the state and threatening secession if the federal govt attempted to enforce the tariffs
56
Second Seminole War
1835-1842 war between the Seminoles and the US govt over whether the Seminoles would be forced to leave Florida and settle west of the Mississippi River. Despite substantial investments, it took years for the US to achieve victory.
57
Tariff of Abominations
white southerners' name for the 1828 tariff act that benefited northern manufacturers and merchants at the expense of agriculture, especially southern plantations
58
Trail of Tears
the forced march of some 15k Cherokees from Georgia to areas west of the Mississippi River that were designated as Indian Territory, beginning in 1831. Inadequate planning, food, water, sanitation, and medicine led to the deaths of thousands of Cherokees.
59
Treaty of New Echota
1836 treaty in which a group of Cherokee men agreed to exchange their land in the southeast for money and land in Indian Territory. Despite the fact that the treaty was obtain w/o tribal sanction, it was approved by the US Congress.
60
Whig Party
political party formed in the 1830s to challenge the power of the Democratic Party. The Whigs attempted to forge a diverse coalition from around the country by promoting commercial interest and moral reforms.
61
explain Macon's Bill Number Two
if either Britain or France stopped violating the neutral trading rights of the US, the US would stop trading w/ the other very effective and Napoleon agreed quickly
62
Describe the 3 stages of the War of 1812
1. US invades Canada and US is on the offense. GB focuses on Europe 2. GB focuses on US and blockades us 3. full GB military come to fight - US is doing very bad
63
abolitionists
members of the movement seeking to end the system of slavery
64
amistad mutiny
mutiny on a Spanish slave ship in 1839 that reinforced white southerners' fears of slave rebellion
65
Nat Turner's Rebellion
1831 slave uprising in Virginia led by Nat Turner. Turner's rebellion generated panic among white southerners, leading to tighter control of African Americans and white southerners, leading to the passage of stricter slave codes in southern states
66
white supremacy
the belief that all white people, regardless of class or education, were superior to all black people | was used to justify slavery
67
Yeoman farmers
Southern independent landowners who were not slaveholders. Although Yeoman farmers had connections to the south's plantation economy, many realized that their interests were not always identical to those of the planter elite
68
nativists
anti-immigrant Americans who launched public campaigns against foreigners in the 1840s. Nativism emerged as a response to increased immigration to the Us in the 1830s and 1840s, particularly the large influx of catholic immigrants
69
second great awakening
evangelical revival movement that began in the south in the early 19th century and then spread to the north. the social and economic changes in the 1st half of the 19th century were a major spur to religious revivals, which in turn spurred social reform movements
70
transcendentalism
movement founded in the 1830s that proposed that individuals look inside themselves and to nature for spiritual and moral guidance rather than to formal religion
71
utopian societies
communities formed in the 1st half of the 19th century to embody alternative social and economic visions and to create models for society at large to follow
72
describe the situation in Latin America during the 1820s. explain why the US would want Latin American nations to remain free
revolutions all throughout - Mexico gains independence & the end of the Spanish empire begins allows the US to make allies with nations that have resources we can take keeps European powers away US influence in South America
73
come outer movement
protest movement whose members would frequently abstain from political activity, office, or voting to protest the govt and other organizations' complicity in slavery
74
american anti-slavery society
abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833 that became the most important northern abolitionist organization of the period
75
declaration of sentiments
call for women's rights in marriage, family, religion, politics, and law issued @ the 1848 Seneca Falls convention. it was signed by 100 of the 300 participants
76
free-soil party
partly founded by political abolitionists in 1848 to expand the appeal of the Liberty Party by focusing less on the moral wrongs of slavery and more of the benefits of providing economic opportunities for northern white people in western territories
77
the liberator
abolitionist newspaper created by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831
78
liberty party
anti-slavery political party formed in 1840. the liberty party, along w/ the free-soil party, helped place slavery @ the center of national political debates
79
north star
anti-slavery newspaper created by Frederick Douglass in 1847
80
spoils system
patronage system introduced by Andrew Jackson in which federal offices were awarded on the basis of political loyalty. the system remained in place until the late 19th century.
81
underground railroad
a series of routes from southern plantation areas to northern free states and Canada along which abolition supporters, known as conductors, provided hiding places and transportation for enslaved in fleeing slaveholders
82
John C Calhoun
vice president during john quincy adams' presidency
83
Frederick Douglass
a Maryland-born enslaved man who escaped slavery and became an influential abolitionist
84
Ralph Waldo Emerson
founder of transcendentalism
85
James K Polk
president during US war w/ Mexico
86
Henry David Thoreau
American naturalist and essayist
87
Martin Van Buren
Democratic-Republican who fought against property qualifications for voting, 8th president
88
describe "old hickory"
nickname given to Andrew Jackson for his toughness during War of 1812 & his stubbornness
89
explain the significance of the Election of 1828
1. 1st election of the common man: no property qualifications, Jackson = 1st president from humble beginnings 2. mudslinging = making opponents look bad, attacking their person 3. Jackson threw a party @ the White House & opened it up to the public, the property was trashed
90
explain the focus of the Webster-Hayne Debates of 1830
debates over state vs federal power and secession
91
outcome of Worchester v. Georgia (1832)
ruled that the Cherokee were sovereign people and could not be made to move w/o a treaty formally ratified by Congress
92
Identify the irritation and conflict in Texas
Mexico invited Americans to settle in Texas Americans didn't follow Mexican traditions (slavery, protestant) created tension

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