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APUSH > Period 3: 1754 - 1800 > Flashcards

Period 3: 1754 - 1800 Flashcards

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1
Q

seven years’ war (french & indian war)

A

1754-1763 global conflict between European nations, primarily Britain & France, that began in North America in 1754 & erupted in Europe in 1756. France ultimately ceded all of its North American territories to England & Spain, but the enormous cost of the war also damaged the British economy

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2
Q

George Washington

A

colonel who led the attack on Ft. Duquense and later became the commander in chief of the Continental Army, 1st president of USA

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3
Q

Albany Plan of Union

A

1754 plan put together by Benjamin Franklin to create a more centralized colonial govt that would establish policies regarding defense, trade, & territorial expansion, as well as aim to facilitate between relations between colonists & American Indians

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4
Q

Guerilla

A

form of warfare that employs sneak attacks, used by French during 7 Years’ War to win battles despite small # of soldiers

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5
Q

Peace of Paris

A

1763 peace treaty ending the 7 Years’ War under its terms, Britain gained control of North America east of the Mississippi River and of present-day Canada.

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6
Q

Pontiac’s Rebellion

A

due to further British expansion west after the Peace of Paris. a Native, Pontiac, united 18 native nations to attack British forts & settlements in order to drive them from this land

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7
Q

Proclamation Line of 1763

A

act of Parliament that restricted colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Proclamation Line sparked protests from rich and poor colonists alike. Created as a buffer between colonists and natives after Pontiac’s Rebellion

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8
Q

Salutary Neglect

A

British colonial policy from around 1700 to 1760 that relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs as long as the North American colonies produced sufficient raw materials and revenue. Also know as benign neglect.

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9
Q

Quartering Act

A

1765 act ensuring British troops would remain stationed in the colonies after the end of the 7 Years’ War. Helped carry out imperial policies, enforce impressment, and crack down on smuggling.

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10
Q

Sugar Act

A

1764 act of Parliament imposing an import tax on sugar, coffee, wines, and other luxury items. It sparked colonial protests that would escalate over time as new revenue measures were enacted.

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11
Q

Currency Act

A

1764 act of Parliament preventing colonial assemblies from printing paper money or bills of credit, curtailing the ability of local colonial economies to expand.

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12
Q

Committee of Correspondence

A

type of committee first established in MA to circulate concerns and reports of protests and other events to leaders in other colonies in the aftermath of the Sugar Act

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13
Q

Stamp Act

A

1765 act of Parliament that imposed a duty on all transactions involving paper items. The Stamp Act prompted widespread, coordinated protests and was eventually repealed

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14
Q

Virtual Representation

A

British claim that direct representation of colonists was unnecessary b/c Parliament virtually represented the interests of the colonies through particular classes

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15
Q

Sons of Liberty, Daughters of Liberty, Vox Populi

A

groups dedicated to the repeal of the Stamp Act

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16
Q

Virginia Resolves

A

5 resolutions passed by House of Burgesses denouncing taxation w/o representation

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17
Q

Stamp Act Congress

A

group of delegates from the colonies who petitioned to repeal the Stamp Act. Argued tax w/o rep was tyrannny

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18
Q

Declaratory Act

A

1766 act announcing Parliament’s authority to pass any law “to bind the colonies & peoples of North America” closer to Britain

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19
Q

Samuel Adams

A

Sons of Liberty member who protested against Stamp Act using preaching styles of the Great Awakening

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20
Q

Townshend Acts

A

1767 acts of Parliament that instituted an import tax on a range of items including glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. They prompted a boycott of British goods and contributed to violence between British soldiers and colonists.

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21
Q

Boston Massacre

A

1770 clash between colonial protesters and British soldiers in Boston that led to the death of 5 colonists. The bloody conflict was used to promote the patriot cause

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22
Q

Tea Act

A

1773 act of Parliament, also known as the tea tax, that aimed to reduce the financial debts of Britain and the British East India Company by providing the company with a tea monopoly in the British American colonies. This resulted in colonial protests.

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23
Q

Boston Tea Party

A

rally against British tax policy organized by the Sons of Liberty on Dec 17, 1773, consisting of about 50 men disguised as American Indians who boarded British ships and dumped about 45 tons of tea into the Boston Harbor

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24
Q

Coercive Acts

A

1774 acts of Parliament passed in response to the Boston Tea Party. The acts closed the port of Boston until residents paid for the damaged property and moved MA court cases against royal officials back to England in a bid to weaken colonial authority.

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25
Q

Quebec Act

A

1774 act of Parliament extending the boundary of Quebec to areas of the Ohio River Valley that American colonists wanted to settle. This act also set up a colonial govt w/o a local representative assembly in Quebec.

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26
Q

patriots

A

American colonists who favored the movement for independence during the 1770s

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27
Q

Continental Congress

A

Congress convened in Philly in 1774 in response to the Coercive Acts. The delegates hoped to reestablish the freedom colonists had previously enjoyed.

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28
Q

Continental Army

A

army created by the 2nd Continental Congress after the battles of Lexington & Concord began the Revolutionary War in 1775

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29
Q

minutemen

A

militia groups trained to prepare quickly for local defense in case of British attack

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30
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

assembly of colonial reps that serves as a national govt during the American Revolution. Despite limited formal powers, the CC coordinated the war effort and conducted negotiations w/ outside power.

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31
Q

Battle of Bunker Hill

A

British victory that convinced the Continental Congress to establish an army to defend the colonies. Made George Washing commander in chief.

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32
Q

Dunmore’s Proclamation

A

1775 proclamation issued by British commander Lord Dunmore that freedom to all enslaved African Americans who joined the British Army. The proclamation heightened concerns among some patriots about the consequences of independence.

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33
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

wrote the Declaration of Independence, 1st secretary of state

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34
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

document declaring the independence of the colonies from Great Britain. Drafted by Thomas Jefferson and then debated and revised by the Continental Congress. The Declaration was made public on July 4, 1776.

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35
Q

Loyalists

A

colonial supports of the British during the American Revolution

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36
Q

Battle of Saratoga

A

key revolutionary war battle fought at Saratoga, NY. The patriot victory there in October 1777 provided hope that the colonists could triumph and increased the chances that the French would formally join the patriot side.

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37
Q

Battle of Yorktown

A

decisive battle in which the surrender of British forces on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, effectively sealed the patriot victory in the American Revolution.

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38
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

1783 treaty that formally ended the American Revolution

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39
Q

Statute of Religious Freedoms

A

1786 Virginia Assembly statute that ensured the separation of church and state and largely guaranteed freedom of religion. Many other states followed Virginia’s lead.

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40
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

plan for national govt proposed by the Continental Congress of 1777 and ratified in March 1781. The Articles of Confederation gave the national govt limited powers, reflecting widespread fear of centralized authority, and were replaced by the Constitution in 1789

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41
Q

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

A

US demanded Iroquois delegates surrender land in western NY and the Ohio River Valley in 1784

42
Q

Northwest Ordinances

A

1785 act of the confederation congress that provided for the survey, sale, and eventual division into states of the Northwest Territory. A 1787 act then clarified the process by which territories could become states.

43
Q

Shay’s Rebellion

A

1786 rebellion by Western MA farmers caused primarily by economic hardships in the aftermath of the American Revolution

44
Q

Antifederalists

A

opponents of ratification of the Constitution. They were generally from more rural and less wealthy backgrounds than the Federalists

45
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

meeting to draft the Constitution in Philly from May to September of 1787. This document established the framework for a strong federal govt w/ executive, legislative, and judicial branches

46
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

a proposal to the 1787 Constitutional Convention that highlighted the needs of small states by creating one legislative house in the federal govt and granting each state equal representation in it

47
Q

The Federalist Papers

A

85 essays by Federalists Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Published in newspapers throughout the US. The Federalist Papers promoted the unification of the Constitution

48
Q

Virginia Plan

A

plan put forth at the beginning of the 1787 Constitutional Convention that introduced the ideas of a strong central govt, a bicameral legislature, and a system of representation based on population

49
Q

John Adams

A

first vice president in 1789

50
Q

Chrispus Attucks

A

an African American man who was the first to die during the Boston Massacre

51
Q

Alexander Hamilton

A

wrote the Federalist Papers, member of the NY state legislature, first secretary of the treasure, created the Bank of the United States (created permanent debt)

52
Q

James Madison

A

wrote the Federalist Papers, referred to as “father of the Constitution”

53
Q

Mercy Otis Warren

A

wealthy patriot who feared the Constitution would empower a few individuals who cared little for the “true interests of the people”

54
Q

Republican Motherhood

A

concept proposed by some American political leaders in the 1790s, which supported women’s education so that they could in turn instruct their sons in principles of republican govt

55
Q

Valley Forge

A

1777-1778 American military camp. During the winter thousands of soldiers died due to starvation and disease.

56
Q

Abigail Adams

A

fought for the rights of women by presenting her concerns to her husband, John Adams

57
Q

King George III

A

King of England during the revolutionary war

58
Q

Patrick Henry

A

“Give me liberty or give me death!”, pushed for US independence, opposed Hamilton’s debt plan

59
Q

Marquis de Lafayette

A

French aristocrat who fought in the Continental Army, later became a key figure in French Revolution

60
Q

Richard Henry Lee

A

6th President under Articles of Confederation, opposed the constitution b/c it created a consolidated govt and had no bill of rights

61
Q

Thomas Paine

A

author of Common Sense, believed America should become an independent republic

62
Q

identify the cause of the French & Indian War

A

disagreements over whether the upper Ohio River Valley was a part of British or French territory

63
Q

identify the three parts of the Declaration of Independence and the intent of each

A

Preamble: purpose of the document
Grievances: reasons for separation
Formal declaration to the world of their independence from Britain

64
Q

describe the setup of the Articles of Confederation

A

weak executive branch, strong state govts

65
Q

list the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

A

no power to tax
couldn’t enforce laws
no direct power over citizens
couldn’t regulate trade
couldn’t be changed w/o consent of all 13 states

66
Q

what role did African Americans play in the American Revolution

A

enslaved Africans fought as soldiers for both the British and Americans

67
Q

what role did women play in the American Revolution

A

some fought in battle, served as spies and couriers, and supplied troops with clothes, food, bandages, and bullets

most farm wives farmed their land in the absence of their husbands

women in cities worked ceaselessly to provide for their children

68
Q

explain the importance of the Treaty of 1778 w/ France and the US. Why was it significant that the US was recognized as a sovereign nation

A

it allowed France to publicly offer aid and declare war on Britain

significant b/c it allows the US to actually have power in world affairs

69
Q

list the provisions of the Treaty of Paris - 1783

A

US independence, British supposed to evacuate the frontier (they don’t), US territory extended to Mississippi River

70
Q

identify the consequences faced by the colonists in regard to the Articles of Confederation following the war

A

tough economic times (govt can’t trade and tax)

71
Q

describe Shay’s Rebellion and the importance of it being put down

A

Massachusetts politicians tax the poor and Daniel Shay, a farmer, leads a rebellion of farmers

led to the Constitutional Convention to fix problems

72
Q

Bill of Rights

A

the 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution. these 10 amendments helped reassure Americans who feared the federal govt established under the Constitution would infringe on the rights of individuals and states

73
Q

what impact does William Pitt have on the 7 Years’ War and how will his plan strain the relationship between Britain and the colonies

A

as prime minister Pitt gathers an army of 50,000 to fight the French
create massive amount of debt

74
Q

describe the Great Awakening

A

it was a religious revival of Puritan ideals
purpose: to restore original Puritan ideals and increase church attendance
targeted: african americans and native americans

75
Q

describe the Enlightenment movement

A

philosophical movement through Europe in 17th and 18th centuries
emphasis on reason as the most important human capability

76
Q

what did the Writs of Assistance allow the British to do

A

allowed customs officials to search for contraband items smuggled into the colonies w/o the proper duties being paid
*blank search warrants w/ no limits

77
Q

explain why the colonists disliked the Writs of Assistance

A

customs officials also searched private homes
colonists saw it as a direct violation of their rights

78
Q

describe the battle of Lexington and Concord and how it started

A

British troops marched on Lexington & fighting broke out

fighting @ Concord followed, marked the start of the war

79
Q

list the strengths of Britain and the colonies

A

B: well-trained and equipped army, strong central govt w/ a strong economy
C: familiarity of territory, capable leadership of Washington, a common cause for fighting

80
Q

list the weaknesses of Britain and the colonies

A

B: distance from homeland, troops unfamiliar w/ territory, weak military leaders, no common cause
C: many soldiers untrained and uneducated in military tactics, shortages of food and ammunition, no central govt to enforce wartime laws

81
Q

describe the importance of the Olive Branch Petition and it being turned down

A

was a final attempt by the colonists to end the fighting

rejection made it clear the war would only end if 1 side won or the colonists surrendered

82
Q

what message is Common Sense attempting to give and is it successful

A

message = only independence could ensure colonial rights

it is successful b/c half a million pamphlets were sold and turned many to the patriot cause

83
Q

explain the task of the Committee of Five and what they drafted

A

to write a suitable declaration of independence

84
Q

describe the differences between the Federalists & Anti-Federalists

A

Federalists want a strong federal govt
Anti-federalists opposed the Constitution and feared a strong national govt. They feared it would create a tyranny/oligarchy.[-0

85
Q

identify the members of the first president cabinet and their roles

A

john adams = vice pres
thomas jefferson = secretary of state
edmund randolph = attorney general
alexander hamilton = secretary of the treasury

86
Q

describe the economic problems the new nation faced from its onset

A

debt from revolutionary war, unstable currency, no national bank, no tax system in place, no income for the govt

87
Q

describe Alexander Hamilton’s plan for economic recovery

A

fed got would repay national and state debt, national bank would be created to issue money and make loans, high tariffs to protect American manufacturers, federal tax on alcohol to raise money for the treasury

88
Q

explain the purpose of instituting a national bank by the treasury department

A

stabilizing the economy and controlling/decreasing inflation

89
Q

identify the difference between a revenue tariff and a protective tariff

A

revenue = raise money for the govt
protective = protect American business from imported goods

90
Q

alien and sedition acts

A

17980 security acts passed by the federalist-controlled congress. the alien act allowed the president to imprison or deport non citizens; the sedition act placed significant restrictions on political speech

91
Q

democractic-republicans

A

political party that emerged out of opposition to federalist policies in the 1790s. they supported thomas jefferson for president

92
Q

neutrality proclamation

A

1793 proclamation declaring US neutrality in any conflicts between other nations, including France and Britain. Britain largely ignored US neutrality and seized American merchant vessels heading for France.

93
Q

Jay Treaty

A

1796 treaty that required British forces to withdraw from US soil, required American repayment of debts to British firms, and limited US trade w/ the British West Indies

94
Q

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

A

resolutions passed by legislatures in Virginia and Kentucky that declared the Alien and Sedition Acts “void and of no force” in their states

95
Q

whiskey rebellion

A

uprising by western PA farmers who led protests against the excise tax on whiskey in the early 1790s

96
Q

XYZ Affair

A

french seizures of US ships led to negotiations, French agents demanded a bribe to initiate talks. John Adams made this public. led to an embargo act prohibiting trade w/ France

97
Q

identify how Pickney’s Treaty affected the US

A

Spain recognized US territorial boundaries

granted “right of deposit” of American goods @ Spanish-controlled New Orleans = access to Miss River then to Gulf of Mexico & Atlantic

98
Q

describe and evaluate the Farewell Address of President George Washington

A

decides to not accept a 3rd term, prevents tyranny by setting precedent

3 foreign policy goals:
1. policy of neutrality
2. be friendly w/ all nations; no nation had the right to interfere in the internal affairs of another
3. US needed to establish a national military academy to train soldiers

99
Q

describe the election of 1796 and its outcome

A

John Adams became president and his opposition, Jefferson, became his Vice President

created major disagreements

100
Q

explain the Quasi War

A

after XYZ Affair calls for war ensued
an unofficial naval war began between US & France, war eventually died out

101
Q

how did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions lead to the Civil War

A

if states disagree with a federal law they can nullify it in their state

led to idea that states can separate if they disagree w/ federal government, leads to Civil War

APUSH (9 decks)

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