Period 3: 1754 - 1800

Question 1

seven years’ war (french & indian war)

Answer 1

1754-1763 global conflict between European nations, primarily Britain & France, that began in North America in 1754 & erupted in Europe in 1756. France ultimately ceded all of its North American territories to England & Spain, but the enormous cost of the war also damaged the British economy

Question 2

George Washington

Answer 2

colonel who led the attack on Ft. Duquense and later became the commander in chief of the Continental Army, 1st president of USA

Question 3

Albany Plan of Union

Answer 3

1754 plan put together by Benjamin Franklin to create a more centralized colonial govt that would establish policies regarding defense, trade, & territorial expansion, as well as aim to facilitate between relations between colonists & American Indians

Question 4

Guerilla

Answer 4

form of warfare that employs sneak attacks, used by French during 7 Years’ War to win battles despite small # of soldiers

Question 5

Peace of Paris

Answer 5

1763 peace treaty ending the 7 Years’ War under its terms, Britain gained control of North America east of the Mississippi River and of present-day Canada.

Question 6

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Answer 6

due to further British expansion west after the Peace of Paris. a Native, Pontiac, united 18 native nations to attack British forts & settlements in order to drive them from this land

Question 7

Proclamation Line of 1763

Answer 7

act of Parliament that restricted colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Proclamation Line sparked protests from rich and poor colonists alike. Created as a buffer between colonists and natives after Pontiac’s Rebellion

Question 8

Salutary Neglect

Answer 8

British colonial policy from around 1700 to 1760 that relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs as long as the North American colonies produced sufficient raw materials and revenue. Also know as benign neglect.

Question 9

Quartering Act

Answer 9

1765 act ensuring British troops would remain stationed in the colonies after the end of the 7 Years’ War. Helped carry out imperial policies, enforce impressment, and crack down on smuggling.

Question 10

Sugar Act

Answer 10

1764 act of Parliament imposing an import tax on sugar, coffee, wines, and other luxury items. It sparked colonial protests that would escalate over time as new revenue measures were enacted.

Question 11

Currency Act

Answer 11

1764 act of Parliament preventing colonial assemblies from printing paper money or bills of credit, curtailing the ability of local colonial economies to expand.

Question 12

Committee of Correspondence

Answer 12

type of committee first established in MA to circulate concerns and reports of protests and other events to leaders in other colonies in the aftermath of the Sugar Act

Question 13

Stamp Act

Answer 13

1765 act of Parliament that imposed a duty on all transactions involving paper items. The Stamp Act prompted widespread, coordinated protests and was eventually repealed

Question 14

Virtual Representation

Answer 14

British claim that direct representation of colonists was unnecessary b/c Parliament virtually represented the interests of the colonies through particular classes

Question 15

Sons of Liberty, Daughters of Liberty, Vox Populi

Answer 15

groups dedicated to the repeal of the Stamp Act

Question 16

Virginia Resolves

Answer 16

5 resolutions passed by House of Burgesses denouncing taxation w/o representation

Question 17

Stamp Act Congress

Answer 17

group of delegates from the colonies who petitioned to repeal the Stamp Act. Argued tax w/o rep was tyrannny

Question 18

Declaratory Act

Answer 18

1766 act announcing Parliament’s authority to pass any law “to bind the colonies & peoples of North America” closer to Britain

Question 19

Samuel Adams

Answer 19

Sons of Liberty member who protested against Stamp Act using preaching styles of the Great Awakening

Question 20

Townshend Acts

Answer 20

1767 acts of Parliament that instituted an import tax on a range of items including glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. They prompted a boycott of British goods and contributed to violence between British soldiers and colonists.

Question 21

Boston Massacre

Answer 21

1770 clash between colonial protesters and British soldiers in Boston that led to the death of 5 colonists. The bloody conflict was used to promote the patriot cause

Question 22

Tea Act

Answer 22

1773 act of Parliament, also known as the tea tax, that aimed to reduce the financial debts of Britain and the British East India Company by providing the company with a tea monopoly in the British American colonies. This resulted in colonial protests.

Question 23

Boston Tea Party

Answer 23

rally against British tax policy organized by the Sons of Liberty on Dec 17, 1773, consisting of about 50 men disguised as American Indians who boarded British ships and dumped about 45 tons of tea into the Boston Harbor

Question 24

Coercive Acts

Answer 24

1774 acts of Parliament passed in response to the Boston Tea Party. The acts closed the port of Boston until residents paid for the damaged property and moved MA court cases against royal officials back to England in a bid to weaken colonial authority.

Question 25

Quebec Act

Answer 25

1774 act of Parliament extending the boundary of Quebec to areas of the Ohio River Valley that American colonists wanted to settle. This act also set up a colonial govt w/o a local representative assembly in Quebec.

Question 26

patriots

Answer 26

American colonists who favored the movement for independence during the 1770s

Question 27

Continental Congress

Answer 27

Congress convened in Philly in 1774 in response to the Coercive Acts. The delegates hoped to reestablish the freedom colonists had previously enjoyed.

Question 28

Continental Army

Answer 28

army created by the 2nd Continental Congress after the battles of Lexington & Concord began the Revolutionary War in 1775

Question 29

minutemen

Answer 29

militia groups trained to prepare quickly for local defense in case of British attack

Question 30

Second Continental Congress

Answer 30

assembly of colonial reps that serves as a national govt during the American Revolution. Despite limited formal powers, the CC coordinated the war effort and conducted negotiations w/ outside power.

Question 31

Battle of Bunker Hill

Answer 31

British victory that convinced the Continental Congress to establish an army to defend the colonies. Made George Washing commander in chief.

Question 32

Dunmore's Proclamation

Answer 32

1775 proclamation issued by British commander Lord Dunmore that freedom to all enslaved African Americans who joined the British Army. The proclamation heightened concerns among some patriots about the consequences of independence.

Question 33

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 33

wrote the Declaration of Independence, 1st secretary of state

Question 34

Declaration of Independence

Answer 34

document declaring the independence of the colonies from Great Britain. Drafted by Thomas Jefferson and then debated and revised by the Continental Congress. The Declaration was made public on July 4, 1776.

Question 35

Loyalists

Answer 35

colonial supports of the British during the American Revolution

Question 36

Battle of Saratoga

Answer 36

key revolutionary war battle fought at Saratoga, NY. The patriot victory there in October 1777 provided hope that the colonists could triumph and increased the chances that the French would formally join the patriot side.

Question 37

Battle of Yorktown

Answer 37

decisive battle in which the surrender of British forces on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, effectively sealed the patriot victory in the American Revolution.

Question 38

Treaty of Paris

Answer 38

1783 treaty that formally ended the American Revolution

Question 39

Statute of Religious Freedoms

Answer 39

1786 Virginia Assembly statute that ensured the separation of church and state and largely guaranteed freedom of religion. Many other states followed Virginia's lead.

Question 40

Articles of Confederation

Answer 40

plan for national govt proposed by the Continental Congress of 1777 and ratified in March 1781. The Articles of Confederation gave the national govt limited powers, reflecting widespread fear of centralized authority, and were replaced by the Constitution in 1789

Question 41

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

Answer 41

US demanded Iroquois delegates surrender land in western NY and the Ohio River Valley in 1784

Question 42

Northwest Ordinances

Answer 42

1785 act of the confederation congress that provided for the survey, sale, and eventual division into states of the Northwest Territory. A 1787 act then clarified the process by which territories could become states.

Question 43

Shay's Rebellion

Answer 43

1786 rebellion by Western MA farmers caused primarily by economic hardships in the aftermath of the American Revolution

Question 44

Antifederalists

Answer 44

opponents of ratification of the Constitution. They were generally from more rural and less wealthy backgrounds than the Federalists

Question 45

Constitutional Convention

Answer 45

meeting to draft the Constitution in Philly from May to September of 1787. This document established the framework for a strong federal govt w/ executive, legislative, and judicial branches

Question 46

New Jersey Plan

Answer 46

a proposal to the 1787 Constitutional Convention that highlighted the needs of small states by creating one legislative house in the federal govt and granting each state equal representation in it

Question 47

The Federalist Papers

Answer 47

85 essays by Federalists Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Published in newspapers throughout the US. The Federalist Papers promoted the unification of the Constitution

Question 48

Virginia Plan

Answer 48

plan put forth at the beginning of the 1787 Constitutional Convention that introduced the ideas of a strong central govt, a bicameral legislature, and a system of representation based on population

Question 49

John Adams

Answer 49

first vice president in 1789

Question 50

Chrispus Attucks

Answer 50

an African American man who was the first to die during the Boston Massacre

Question 51

Alexander Hamilton

Answer 51

wrote the Federalist Papers, member of the NY state legislature, first secretary of the treasure, created the Bank of the United States (created permanent debt)

Question 52

James Madison

Answer 52

wrote the Federalist Papers, referred to as "father of the Constitution"

Question 53

Mercy Otis Warren

Answer 53

wealthy patriot who feared the Constitution would empower a few individuals who cared little for the "true interests of the people"

Question 54

Republican Motherhood

Answer 54

concept proposed by some American political leaders in the 1790s, which supported women's education so that they could in turn instruct their sons in principles of republican govt

Question 55

Valley Forge

Answer 55

1777-1778 American military camp. During the winter thousands of soldiers died due to starvation and disease.

Question 56

Abigail Adams

Answer 56

fought for the rights of women by presenting her concerns to her husband, John Adams

Question 57

King George III

Answer 57

King of England during the revolutionary war

Question 58

Patrick Henry

Answer 58

"Give me liberty or give me death!", pushed for US independence, opposed Hamilton's debt plan

Question 59

Marquis de Lafayette

Answer 59

French aristocrat who fought in the Continental Army, later became a key figure in French Revolution

Question 60

Richard Henry Lee

Answer 60

6th President under Articles of Confederation, opposed the constitution b/c it created a consolidated govt and had no bill of rights

Question 61

Thomas Paine

Answer 61

author of Common Sense, believed America should become an independent republic

Question 62

identify the cause of the French & Indian War

Answer 62

disagreements over whether the upper Ohio River Valley was a part of British or French territory

Question 63

identify the three parts of the Declaration of Independence and the intent of each

Answer 63

Preamble: purpose of the document Grievances: reasons for separation Formal declaration to the world of their independence from Britain

Question 64

describe the setup of the Articles of Confederation

Answer 64

weak executive branch, strong state govts

Question 65

list the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Answer 65

no power to tax couldn't enforce laws no direct power over citizens couldn't regulate trade couldn't be changed w/o consent of all 13 states

Question 66

what role did African Americans play in the American Revolution

Answer 66

enslaved Africans fought as soldiers for both the British and Americans

Question 67

what role did women play in the American Revolution

Answer 67

some fought in battle, served as spies and couriers, and supplied troops with clothes, food, bandages, and bullets most farm wives farmed their land in the absence of their husbands women in cities worked ceaselessly to provide for their children

Question 68

explain the importance of the Treaty of 1778 w/ France and the US. Why was it significant that the US was recognized as a sovereign nation

Answer 68

it allowed France to publicly offer aid and declare war on Britain significant b/c it allows the US to actually have power in world affairs

Question 69

list the provisions of the Treaty of Paris - 1783

Answer 69

US independence, British supposed to evacuate the frontier (they don't), US territory extended to Mississippi River

Question 70

identify the consequences faced by the colonists in regard to the Articles of Confederation following the war

Answer 70

tough economic times (govt can't trade and tax)

Question 71

describe Shay's Rebellion and the importance of it being put down

Answer 71

Massachusetts politicians tax the poor and Daniel Shay, a farmer, leads a rebellion of farmers led to the Constitutional Convention to fix problems

Question 72

Bill of Rights

Answer 72

the 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution. these 10 amendments helped reassure Americans who feared the federal govt established under the Constitution would infringe on the rights of individuals and states

Question 73

what impact does William Pitt have on the 7 Years' War and how will his plan strain the relationship between Britain and the colonies

Answer 73

as prime minister Pitt gathers an army of 50,000 to fight the French create massive amount of debt

Question 74

describe the Great Awakening

Answer 74

it was a religious revival of Puritan ideals purpose: to restore original Puritan ideals and increase church attendance targeted: african americans and native americans

Question 75

describe the Enlightenment movement

Answer 75

philosophical movement through Europe in 17th and 18th centuries emphasis on reason as the most important human capability

Question 76

what did the Writs of Assistance allow the British to do

Answer 76

allowed customs officials to search for contraband items smuggled into the colonies w/o the proper duties being paid *blank search warrants w/ no limits

Question 77

explain why the colonists disliked the Writs of Assistance

Answer 77

customs officials also searched private homes colonists saw it as a direct violation of their rights

Question 78

describe the battle of Lexington and Concord and how it started

Answer 78

British troops marched on Lexington & fighting broke out fighting @ Concord followed, marked the start of the war

Question 79

list the strengths of Britain and the colonies

Answer 79

B: well-trained and equipped army, strong central govt w/ a strong economy C: familiarity of territory, capable leadership of Washington, a common cause for fighting

Question 80

list the weaknesses of Britain and the colonies

Answer 80

B: distance from homeland, troops unfamiliar w/ territory, weak military leaders, no common cause C: many soldiers untrained and uneducated in military tactics, shortages of food and ammunition, no central govt to enforce wartime laws

Question 81

describe the importance of the Olive Branch Petition and it being turned down

Answer 81

was a final attempt by the colonists to end the fighting rejection made it clear the war would only end if 1 side won or the colonists surrendered

Question 82

what message is Common Sense attempting to give and is it successful

Answer 82

message = only independence could ensure colonial rights it is successful b/c half a million pamphlets were sold and turned many to the patriot cause

Question 83

explain the task of the Committee of Five and what they drafted

Answer 83

to write a suitable declaration of independence

Question 84

describe the differences between the Federalists & Anti-Federalists

Answer 84

Federalists want a strong federal govt Anti-federalists opposed the Constitution and feared a strong national govt. They feared it would create a tyranny/oligarchy.[-0

Question 85

identify the members of the first president cabinet and their roles

Answer 85

john adams = vice pres thomas jefferson = secretary of state edmund randolph = attorney general alexander hamilton = secretary of the treasury

Question 86

describe the economic problems the new nation faced from its onset

Answer 86

debt from revolutionary war, unstable currency, no national bank, no tax system in place, no income for the govt

Question 87

describe Alexander Hamilton's plan for economic recovery

Answer 87

fed got would repay national and state debt, national bank would be created to issue money and make loans, high tariffs to protect American manufacturers, federal tax on alcohol to raise money for the treasury

Question 88

explain the purpose of instituting a national bank by the treasury department

Answer 88

stabilizing the economy and controlling/decreasing inflation

Question 89

identify the difference between a revenue tariff and a protective tariff

Answer 89

revenue = raise money for the govt protective = protect American business from imported goods

Question 90

alien and sedition acts

Answer 90

17980 security acts passed by the federalist-controlled congress. the alien act allowed the president to imprison or deport non citizens; the sedition act placed significant restrictions on political speech

Question 91

democractic-republicans

Answer 91

political party that emerged out of opposition to federalist policies in the 1790s. they supported thomas jefferson for president

Question 92

neutrality proclamation

Answer 92

1793 proclamation declaring US neutrality in any conflicts between other nations, including France and Britain. Britain largely ignored US neutrality and seized American merchant vessels heading for France.

Question 93

Jay Treaty

Answer 93

1796 treaty that required British forces to withdraw from US soil, required American repayment of debts to British firms, and limited US trade w/ the British West Indies

Question 94

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Answer 94

resolutions passed by legislatures in Virginia and Kentucky that declared the Alien and Sedition Acts "void and of no force" in their states

Question 95

whiskey rebellion

Answer 95

uprising by western PA farmers who led protests against the excise tax on whiskey in the early 1790s

Question 96

XYZ Affair

Answer 96

french seizures of US ships led to negotiations, French agents demanded a bribe to initiate talks. John Adams made this public. led to an embargo act prohibiting trade w/ France

Question 97

identify how Pickney's Treaty affected the US

Answer 97

Spain recognized US territorial boundaries granted "right of deposit" of American goods @ Spanish-controlled New Orleans = access to Miss River then to Gulf of Mexico & Atlantic

Question 98

describe and evaluate the Farewell Address of President George Washington

Answer 98

decides to not accept a 3rd term, prevents tyranny by setting precedent 3 foreign policy goals: 1. policy of neutrality 2. be friendly w/ all nations; no nation had the right to interfere in the internal affairs of another 3. US needed to establish a national military academy to train soldiers

Question 99

describe the election of 1796 and its outcome

Answer 99

John Adams became president and his opposition, Jefferson, became his Vice President created major disagreements

Question 100

explain the Quasi War

Answer 100

after XYZ Affair calls for war ensued an unofficial naval war began between US & France, war eventually died out

Question 101

how did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions lead to the Civil War

Answer 101

if states disagree with a federal law they can nullify it in their state led to idea that states can separate if they disagree w/ federal government, leads to Civil War