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Period 2: 1607-1754 Flashcards

1
Q

act of religious toleration

A

1649 act passed by the Maryland Assembly granting religious freedom to all Christian

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2
Q

bacon’s rebellion

A

1676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon. Bacon and his followers (former indentured servants) were upset about the governor’s unwillingness to send troops to intervene in conflicts between natives and settlers and the lack of representation of western settlers in the House of Burgesses

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3
Q

cash crop

A

a crop produced for profit rather than for subsistence
tobacco was a cash crop in Virigina

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4
Q

colonization

A

the process of settling and controlling an already inhabited area for the economic benefit of the settlers, or colonizers

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5
Q

enclosure movements

A

claimed that only noble title-holders had the right to sue land and evicted English commoners: created a large homeless population*, decreased the production of grain crops and led to famine
*homeless were arrested and sold into indentured servitude in the colonies

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6
Q

english civil war

A

1642 disagreement over whether a king could rule without consent of his parliament caused civil war

King Charles 1 was executed and parliamentary leader Oliver Cromwell came to power

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7
Q

headright system

A

crated in Virginia in 1618, it rewarded those who imported indentured laborers and settlers with 50 acres of land

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8
Q

House of Burgesses

A

local governing body in Virginia established by the English crown in 1619

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9
Q

indentured servitude

A

servants contracted to work for a set period of time without pay. many early migrants to the English colonies indentured themselves for the price of passage to North America

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10
Q

iroquois confederacy

A

a group of allied native nations that included the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and later the Tuscarora

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11
Q

joint stock company

A

companies in which large numbers of investors own stock. they were able to raise large amounts of money and shared risk and rewards equally among investors

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12
Q

powhatan confederacy

A

large and powerful confederation of Algonquian-speaking natives in Virginia. Jamestown settlers had a complicated and often combative relationship with the leader of the Powhatan Confederacy

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13
Q

pueblo revolt

A

1680 uprising of Pueblo Indians against Spanish forces in New Mexico that led to the Spaniard’s temporary retreat from the area. The uprising was sparked by mistreatment and the suppression of Pueblo culture and religion

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14
Q

slave code

A

laws restricting enslaved peoples’ rights, largely due to slaveholders’ fears of rebellion

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15
Q

subsistence farmers

A

farmers who grow crops for their own needs rather than for profit
*most white settlers in North Carolina in the 1700s didn’t own slaves and farmed their own land

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16
Q

Pocahontas, John Smith, Chief Powhatan

A

Chief Powhatan performed an adoption ceremony with John Smith after taking him captive to assert dominance. Pocahontas, Chief Powhatan’s daughter, relayed the message of Smith being spared. Pocahontas then went on to marry John Rolfe in order to improve relations with the English.

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17
Q

consumer revolution

A

a process through which status in the colonies became more closely linked to financial status and a refined lifestyle rather than birth and family pedigree during the 17th & 18th centuries. spurred by industrialization and increased global trade

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18
Q

mercantilism

A

economic system centered on maintaining a favorable balance of trade for the home country w/ more gold and silver flowing into that country than flowing out. 17th & 18th century British colonial policy = heavily shaped by mercantilism

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19
Q

navigation acts

A

acts passed by English Parliament in the 1650s & 1660s that prohibited smuggling, established guidelines for legal commerce, and set duties on trade items

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20
Q

Nathaniel Bacon & Sir William Berkeley

A

Bacon = leader of Bacon’s Rebellion who disagreed with Sir William Berkeley’s (governor of Virginia) actions regarding relations w/ natives

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21
Q

Benjamin Franklin

A

a migrant to Pennsylvania, 1729: purchased the Pennsylvania Gazette
advocate of Enlightenment ideas

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22
Q

William Penn

A

a Quaker who established Pennsylvania as a Quaker religious haven

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23
Q

Popé

A

Pueblo leader who planned the Pueblo Revolt

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24
Q

what role did joint stock companies play in colonization of the Americas

A

people could invest in JSCs and that money was then used to fund exploration in the Americas

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25
what is the Lost Colony and what impact did it have on colonization
Roanoke, made people hesitant to travel to the Americas, they were afraid of the unknown
26
why were settlers so willing to move to Jamestown despite its condition
economic promise
27
describe the headright system and the impact it had on settlers
the headright system gave land to ppl who brought more settlers encourage more people to settle in the colonies
28
what issues were present at the Jamestown colony
lack of food, lazy settlers, conflict with natives
29
evaluate the impact of Captain John Smith on the Jamestown Colony
motivated the settlers to work
30
what impact did the success of tobacco have on Jamestown and England
tons of money and wealth brought to England improved England economy
31
why did the use of slave labor start to overtake the use of indentured servants
didn't want to keep losing servants by giving the indentured servants their freedom
32
why did the Pilgrims leave home to establish a colony in the Americas
religious persecution in England and they sought religious freedom
33
gang labor
thousand of enslave people worked under harsh conditions on plantations overseen why whites
34
middle passage
brutal 2nd leg of the forced journey of enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas. estimated that millions of enslaved Africans died before they arrived in the Americas
35
slave laws
series of laws that defined slavery as a distinct status based on racial identity and which passed that status on through future generations
36
stono rebellion
1739 uprising by enslaved Africans and African Americans in South Carolina. In its aftermath, white fear of slave revolts intensified.
37
what issues did the pilgrims face early on and how were they able to overcome those issues
landed in wrong region and in winter, many die in the winter overcame b/c they persisted
38
describe the need for the Mayflower Compact and how the concept of social contract was applied to it
needed in order to create a stable settlement with a government, used social contract b/c everyone agreed to work together for the common good
39
describe the puritan beliefs and why they wanted to leave to come to the Americas
puritan beliefs were defiant of the Church of England, wanted to leave b/c they were kicked out and wanted to create their own church
40
describe puritan democracy and the faith they lived by
only men could vote and it was deeply patriarchal, was a theocracy
41
why did the Rhode Island colony start
Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson were kicked out of puritan church, they called out the overly strict beliefs
42
Anglo-Powhatan Wars
series of conflicts in the 1620s between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia & Maryland caused by continued intrusions on Native American land
43
Queen Anne's War (War of Spanish Succession)
1702-1713 war over control of Spain and its colonies. Although the Treaty of Utrecht that ended the war was intended to bring peace by establishing a balance of power, imperial conflict continued to escalate.
44
how did the colony of pennsylvania come into existence
King Charles 2 gave William Penn a large grant of land in the colonies
45
list some of the Quakers basic beliefs
everyone can have a direct relationship w/ God, equality of all human beings
46
what was the Holy Experiment
Penn wanted to make Pennsylvania a place where no one would be considered aristocratic gave every male settler 50 acres of land and the right to vote also created a representative assembly
47
describe the theory of mercantilism
presumed that wealth and trade we limited, Favorable Balance of Trade: exporting more than importing
48
how did the theory of mercantilism apply to the colonies and European powers
colonies provided a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods to be sold
49
how did the geography of the Americas impact the way the people had to live
climate impacted what crops they grew and different growing seasons
50
how would life on the frontier of a colony be different from living in a colony
cannot easily take surplus crops to market, isolated, in danger of native attacks
51
describe the economy of the Northern colonies
lumbering, shipbuilding, fishing, iron works, wool production couldn't farm due to infertile soil
52
describe the life of women in northern colonies
few political and legal rights, large # of responsibilities in running the home
53
explain what caused the Salem Witch hysteria to take place
major theories: strong puritan beliefs, mass consumption of hallucinogenic fungus, frequent indian attacks put everyone on edge
54
describe the impact the Witch trials had on the northern colonies
economy suffered (crops & livestock went untended b/c the women who were supposed to care for them were killed and scared) commerce suffered - people stopped business to watch trials/hangings led to "innocent until proven guilty"
55
describe the economy of the middle colonies
busy shipping ports, GRAIN & livestock, lumber, iron works, glass blowing, pottery making
56
why do you think the middle colonies are known as the colonial breadbasket
b/c 1 of their main products was grain
57
describe the life of a woman in the middle colonies
helped out on the farm, and made products like butter & soap
58
describe the southern colonies economy
grew rice, indigo, tobacco in the tidewater region small scale farm, trapping game, hunting in the Piedmont region
59
describe how being a farming based colony impacted the setup of the southern colonies
led to a reliance on slave labor, created class division, mostly rural areas
60
identify the two regions of the south and explain the difference of each
Tidewater - large plantations, near water Piedmont - small farms, hunting, inland
61
describe how the plantation system impacted the formation of the south
less cities=more room for plantations large plantations=need large # of indentured servants/slaves
62
anglicization
adoption of English customs and traditions. this shaped colonial culture and politics in 18th century North America
63
common law
law established from custom and the standards set by previous judicial rulings * used to further restrict the rights of women in North America
64
Dominion of New England
the consolidation of Northeastern colonies by King James 2 in 1686 to establish greater control of them, resulting in the banning of town meetings, new taxes, etc. was dissolved during the Glorious Revolution
65
Glorious Revolution
1688 coup where King James 2 was removed from power and his daughter ascended to the throne, introducing more democratic systems of governance in England and the colonies
66
Great Awakening
series of religious revivals in colonial America that began in 1720 and lasted to about 1750
67
Household Mode of Production
a system in rural New England communities where families exchanged labor and good that were produced in their own homes
68
impressment
the forced enlistment of citizens into the army or navy. the impressment of residents of colonial seaports into the British navy was a major source of complaint in the 18th century
69
inflation
inflation posed a major challenge for the ruling class and the economic stability of England, major cause: influx of Spanish gold and silver
70
Mayflower Compact
written agreement created by the Pilgrims upon their arrival in Plymouth. first written constitution adopted in North America
71
Metacom's War
1675-1676 conflict between New England settlers and the region's Natives. Chief Metacom believed Europeans had to be forced out if Natives were going to survive
72
methodism
sect created by New Light Clergy and German Pietist ideas, urged followers to follow their heart rather than head, George Whitefield spread its ideas during the Great Awakening
73
New Light Clergy
colonial clergy who called for religious revivals and emphasized the emotional aspects of spiritual commitment. The New Lights were the leaders in the Great Awakening
74
Old Light Clergy
colonial clergy from established churches who supported the religious status quo in the early 18th century
75
Pequot War
1636-1637 conflict between New England settlers, their Narrangansett allies, and the Pequots. the English saw the Pequots as a threat and an obstacle to further English expansion
76
Pilgrims (Separatists)
a group of English religious dissenters who established a settlement @ Plymouth, MA in 1620. the Pilgrims aimed to cut all connections w/ the Church of England
77
Puritans
radical English Protestants who hoped to reform the Church of England,. the first Puritan settlers in the Americans arrived in MA in 1630
78
Jonathan Edwards
a clergyman and scholar whose sermons combined Enlightenment ideas w/ religious fervor and sparked a religious revival
79
Anne Hutchinson
a Puritan who challenged the beliefs of her church and was banished. she went to Roger William's Rhode Island colony
80
Chief Massasoit
leader of the Wampanoag tribe in MA who helped the Pilgrims survive in Plymouth. was later killed by the Puritans
81
George Whitefield
an English clergyman who spread Methodism and extended the series of revivals in North America, known for large than life preaching style
82
Roger Williams
a Salem Puritan minister who was kicked out of the church. he led a group to found the Rhode Island colony. believed in separation of church and state
83
John Peter Zenger
New Yorker who wrote a newspaper accusing Governor Cosby of corruption, incompetence, election fraud, and tyranny Zenger was charged with libel, inspired freemen to participate in election
84
how did slavery in North America differ from earlier forms of slavery
based on race
85
why did a change occur in slavery from Native Americans to Africans
Africans didn't know the land and couldn't run away Natives got sick near Europeans, but the Africans had immunity
86
Identify and describe why the slave auction was another way to break the spirit of African slaves
chattel slavery = reducing Africans to just goods and less than human
87
identify the hierarchy of the colonial govt
british crown --> royal governor ---> colonial council colonial assembly existed separate

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