Period 4 Flashcards
1
Q
The Election of 1800: name three people who were Federalists
A
Thomas Pickney, John Adams, and John Jay
2
Q
The Election of 1800: name two people who were Democratic-Republicans
A
Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr
3
Q
What is the Jeffersonian Vision?
A
Shape American into a society of sturdy, independent farmers, free from the workshops, industrial towns, and the urban mobs of Europe
4
Q
How did Jefferson reduce federal power?
A
- He reduced the size of the military and navy
- He eliminated a number of federal jobs
- He repealed exercise taxes, including those on whisky
- He reduced the national debt from $83 million to $57 million
5
Q
What did reduction of federal powers by Jefferson lead to?
A
The Louisiana Purchase
6
Q
Why did Jefferson want to buy Louisana?
A
- Jefferson, like a growing number of Americans, understood the US must have access to the mouth of the Mississippi river and the port of New Orleans, or lose everything beyond the Appalachians
- Thus, when he learned that Spain had secretly given Louisiana back to France, he was immediately on guard, as Napoleon, the greatest military genius of his time, was now his neighbor
- With the situation growing more tense, Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris with instructions to offer up to $10 million for New Orleans and Florida
7
Q
What was the reason why Napoleon offered Louisana?
A
He tried to supress the Haitian Revolution
8
Q
During the Election of Thomas Jefferson who were in power? What was it symbolizing?
A
The Republicans were now in power, symbolizing the first movement in american history which a peaceful transfer of power would occur (from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans)
9
Q
Jeffersonian Republic
A
- Thomas Jefferson
- 1801-1809
- Democratic-Republican
- James Madison
- 1809-1817
- Democratic-Republican
- James Monroe
- 1817-1825
- Democratic-Republican
10
Q
From 1800-1824 who held the majority of the seats in the house?
A
The Democratic Republicans
11
Q
How was the Louisiana Purchase the opposite of what Jefferson stood for?
A
Jefferson stood for: limited government and a strict construction of the constitution - but the Constitution did not mention anything about the purchase of new land.
12
Q
What was the effect of the Louisiana Purchase?
A
This purchase more than doubled the size of the United States, removed a European presence from the nation’s borders, and extended the western frontier to lands far beyond the Mississippi.
13
Q
What were the British and French doing to US ships which led to the Embargo Act of 1807?
A
Between 1803 and 1807, the British and French continued their alarming practice of seizing neutral US ships(impressment)
- On June 22, 1807, off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, the British warship Leopard fired on the USS Chesapeake. 3 Americans were killed and four were impressed into the British Navy.
14
Q
What is the American System?
A
a legislative economic program designed to the nation
15
Q
What was the catastrophic effect of the Embargo Act?
A
Exports fell from $108 million to $22 million, and imports from $138 million to less than $57 million - angering federalists and many americans in the country (The Embargo Act was repealed in 1809)
16
Q
Marbury vs. Madison(1803)
A
During John Adam’s last day in office he held the “midnight appointments,” appointing new judge positions. However, Marbury did not recieve his appointment/comission. All in all, this case led to the creation of the judicial review.
17
Q
What was the effect of the judicial review
A
It led to more power granted to the Supreme Court
18
Q
McCullough vs. Maryland (1819):
A
Argued whether a state could tax a federal bank.
- The state of Maryland attempted to tax the Second National Bank of the United States
- Marshall ruled that a state could not tax a federal institution, declaring federal laws supreme over state laws
19
Q
Fletcher vs. Peck (1810):
A
Involves a case of land fraud in Georgia.
- States that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract
20
Q
When was the first time Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional?
A
Fletcher vs. Peck(1810)
21
Q
Who is John Marshall?
A
- Thomas Jefferson’s cousin and had been appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the final months of Adams’ presidency
- He held his post for 34 years, in which time his decisions in many landmark cases strengthened the power of the central government
22
Q
How did Jefferson contribute to American Expansion?
A
Jefferson persuaded Congress to fund a scientific exploration for the Louisiana Purchase - led by Captain Meriwether Lewis & Lieutenant William Clark.
23
Q
What was the result of the expedition led by Captain Meriwether Lewis & Lieutenant William Clark?
A
The expedition produced:
- greater scientific and geographic knowledge of the region
- stronger US claims to the Oregon Territory
- better relations with American Indians (and two gifted grizzly bear cubs for the White House)
24
Q
Why was the Tariff of 1816 passed?
A
to protect US manufactured items from overseas competition
25
What was symbolized by the Tariff of 1816?
It would increasingly symbolize division between the North, South, and West
26
What was the opinions of the North and South when the west wanted cheaper lands?
- Northern manufacturers feared that cheap western land would drain off surplus labor and drive wages up
- Southern planters were concerned that cheap western lands would drive up competition for cotton production
27
When led to the expansion of slavery in the South?
the cotton boom led Southerners
28
The Missouri Compromise (1820)
Congressman James Talmadge of New York, however, introduced an amendment to the bill prohibiting “the further introduction of slavery” and provided that all enslaved persons born in Missouri would be freed at the age of 25.
Overview:
- Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state
- Admit Maine as a free state
- Prohibit slavery in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 degrees 30’
29
How did Henry Clay help unify the nation economically?
- Setting the first protective tariff (Tariff of 1816) to encourage American manufacturing
- Creating a second national bank to provide financial support by extending credit for farmers
- Establishing a national transportation system to aid trade(roads, canals) through federal subsidies
30
Beginning of The War of 1812
On June 1st 1812, President James Madison stood in front of Congress and asked for a declaration of war on Great Britain
- This vote was led by “war hawk” Democratic-Republicans in Congress like Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
31
What does Impressment mean?
Recruitment by force
- Approximately 3,000 to 6,000 American citizens were forcibly pressed into service on British warships. This was viewed as a violation of American liberties.
32
Battle of Tippecanoe
- In an effort to defend their lands from further encroachment, Shawnee brothers — Tecumseh, a warrior, and Prophet, a religious leader — attempted to unite all of the tribes against white Americans east of the Mississippi River
- governor of the Indiana Territory, General William Henry Harrison, destroyed the Shawnee Headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh’s efforts
33
summary of the War of 1812
The War of 1812 lasted two years and ended with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, ending in a stalemate with no gain for either side
34
Key moments of the war of 1812
- The burning of Washington DC including the White House & Capitol
- The creation of Francis Scott Key’s poem, “The Star-Spangled Banner”
- The Battle of New Orleans, an impressive victory led by General Andrew Jackson
35
What was the impact of the War of 1812?
- Second “Independence”: Having survived two wars with Great Britain, the US gained the respect of other nations
- Fall of the Federalist Party
- Nationalism: The feeling of American nationalism grew stronger in the wake of the war.
36
Adams-Onis Treaty
- The US obtained Florida for $5 million
- Spain turned over claims to the Oregon Territory, giving US claim to land extending to the Pacific.
37
Monroe Doctrine
It came to symbolize the completion of US independence and a shift in the global presence of the United States
- This statement by the young United States, now known as the Monroe Doctrine, attracted little notice in European or Latin America
- In fact, the words were made convincing only because Britain could be counted on to side with this US policy
38
Who constructed the first successful factory ?
- The first successful factory was constructed in Rhode Island by Samuel Slater, a mechanic born in England.
- He had slipped out of England to American in 1789, with British factory plans illegally committed to memory.
39
Who built the Lowell Mills and the effect?
- Francis Cabot Lowell, added a new dimension to factory production: the more efficient power loom(he also smuggled this from Great Britain)
- His Lowell Mills also were revolutionary in that they concentrated on mass production and standardization, a relatively new concept at the time
40
Interchangeable Parts(1801):
The system of interchangeable parts was devised by Eli Whitney in 1801 to more efficiently make rifles, allowing unskilled workers to produce large numbers of weapons to produce large numbers of weapons quickly and at lower cost.
41
Sewing Machine(1846):
In 1846, Elias Howe of Massachusetts constructed a sewing machine. Isaac Singer made improvements on it, and the Howe-Singer machine was soon being used in the manufacture of ready-to-wear clothing
42
The Cotton Gin(1793):
- The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. This machine easily separated the seeds from cotton fibers, transforming southern agriculture.
- Southern slaves now cleaned 50lbs. of cotton a day compared to just one before the machine
43
Morse code (1832):
In 1832, Samuel Morse developed Morse Code, in which alternating long and short bursts of electric current would represent individual letters for communication
44
The Telegraph(1830s):
The telegraph system was a system of wires zigzagging between cities and towns that, when paired with More Code, allowed messages to be transmitted in just minutes through electricity.
45
Steam Engines:
By 1804, both English and American inventors had experimented with steam engines from propelling land vehicles. In 1802 John Stevens ran a locomotive and cars around a circular track at his New Jersey home
46
Steam ships
In 1807, engineer Robert Fulton’s Clermont was the first steamship to travel upriver, making the trip from NYC to Albany in 32 hours, at 5 mph
47
The Canal Boom:
- By 1816, only about 100 miles total of canals existed in the United States, with the longest at a measly 28 miles.
- The Erie Canal, spearheaded by Mayor Dewitt Clinton of New York, changed this, however.
- This project gave rise to the construction of future canals and in just 15 years, 3,300 miles of canals would be built
48
Railroads:
- The canal boom was short-lived, as railroads gradually supplanted canals and all other forms of transport
- In 1840, the total railroad trackage was under 3,000 miles
- By 1860—just twenty years later—it was over 27,000 miles, mostly in the Northeast. At this point, Congress had allotted over 30 million acres to eleven states to assist in railroad construction.
49
What governments played an active role in transportation?
The national government and state governments played an active role in facilitating the transportation revolution. Governments recognized the economic beliefs of investing in healthier transportation networks.
50
What is an example of transportation funded by the government?
The Old National Road, for example, built between 1811 and 1837, was a 620—miles surfaced road, funded by the federal government. This concerted push for internal improvements by the government
51
Protective tariffs passed in 1816, 1824, 1828 helped emerging.....
American business to compete more effectively with the British.
52
Where did most of America's migrants come from?
Ireland and Germany
53
How did immigration boom occur United States?
- resulting from reduced transportation costs during the Market Revolution,
- increasing economic opportunities,
- deteriorating economic conditions in much of Europe.
54
As the number of immigrants grew it also led to the growth of....
nativism(fear/hatred of immigrants)
55
- Given that most Irish and German immigrants were Catholic, anti-Catholic attitude grew parallel to nativism
- This contributed to the growth of the........
“Know-Nothing” Political Party, which was founded on nativist ideals
56
What was the fastest growing group in Antebellum America?
the middle-class
57
As demographics shifted what happened to the higher and lower classes?
At the same time, the gap was widening between the upper and lower classes. Merchants and industrialists accumulated enormous fortunes and, in cities, a culture of wealth emerged
The gap widened between owners and unskilled laborers, who were free Black Americans, native-born women and children, and—increasingly—immigrants
58
How did the market revolution effect american women?
The Lowell System in Massachusetts, for example, enlisted young women, mostly farmers’ daughters in their late teens and early 20s, to work in factories and earn between $2.50 and $3.25 a week.
- At the same time, women compromised 85% of the employees at Lowell Mills, and 0% of the management roles
59
During the 1830s-1840s who replaced women at Lowell Mills?
as wages decreased and working conditions deteriorated, poor Irish immigrants would replace this sytem.
60
Describe the development of antebellum gender roles.
- As men increasingly took jobs outside the home, because of industrialization, they were absent from home much of the time
- As a result women in these households who remained at home took charge of the household and children
CULT OF DOMESTICITY
61
When was the Tariff of 1816 passed?
During the War of 1812
62
Who could vote in the 1820s?
white male property owners or taxpayers or both
63
What happened to voting in 1856?
- all requirements to own property had been dropped
64
The Second-Party System operated from 1828 to 1854, with…
- Whigs supporting the power of Congress over the presidency, as well as policies of modernization and economic protectionism (e.g. tariffs)
- Democrats supporting the power of the presidency over Congress and opposed the National Bank and other modernization programs that they believed would burden the taxpayer.
65
How was voting for other minorities? in general?
- Southern election laws continued to favor the planters and politicians of older counties
- *Free Black-Americans could not vote anywhere in the South and in few locations in the North
- In no state could women or Native Americans vote
66
What changed after the Era of Good Feelings under James Monroe?
At first, Americans considered parties to be evils that would be avoided and thought the nation should seek a broad consensus without permanent factual lines.
- But in the 1820s and 1830s, after the Era of Good Feelings under Monroe(with minimal partisanship) these assumptions gave away to the new view that permanent, institutionalized parties were essential to democracy.
67
Who were the Second-Party System by the 1830s?
- The anti-Jackson party began to call themselves the Whigs
- Jackson’s followers called themselves the Democrats
68
What did the Whigs support?
the power of Congress over the presidency, as well as policies of modernization and economic protectionism (e.g. tariffs)
69
What did the democrats support?
the power of the presidency over Congress and opposed the National Bank and other modernization programs that they believed would burden the taxpayer.
70
What happened during the Inauguration of Andrew Jackson?
- Andrew Jackson was inaugurated on March 9th, 1829. On this day, 15,000 people showed up. Many of these crowds poured into the White House to celebrate, which was open to the public.
- They stood on the furniture, broke the china, and had to be lured outside with bowls of spiked punch. Supreme Court Justice John Marshall called it “the reign of King Mob,” while others called it, “a proud day for the people.”
71
What is a Jacksonian Democracy?
A government that was run by and for the common (white) man
72
What was included for the Jacksonian Democracy?
- Expanded suffrage
- The relocation of all natives west of Mississippi River
- Patronage
- The extinguishing of the national debt
- The elimination of the bank of US, a private institution he believed to be corrupt
73
Differences between the Whigs and the Democrats?
Whigs
- Supported a national bank, federal funding of internal improvements, and a protective tariff
- Support primarily came from New England and mid-Atlantic states, and Protestants of English heritage
Democrats
- Supported local role, limited government, opportunity for all white men, regardless of wealth, and free trade. They were opposed to monopolies, high tariffs, and high land prices.
- Supporters largely came from the South and West, urban workers, and immigrants.
74
What is the National Bank War(1832)?
- In 1816, well before Jackson’s presidency, the Second National Bank was chartered for 20 years, to expire in 1836.
- Overtime, the involvement of the Second National Bank in the mid - the economy increased. Especially after the ruling in McCullough v. Maryland(1819), the bank play in increasing role in states, thus stabilizing the national economy
- In 1832, to thrust the Bank Issue into the election spotlight, Henry Clay, who was running for president as the Whig candidate against Jackson, convinced Nicholas Biddle, the president of the national bank, to ask Congress to renew the charter early.
- He ordered his new Treasury Secretary Roger, B. Taney to move money from the national Bank into 80 state “pet banks” to diminish the National Bank’s power
- Within three months, Taney had moved more than half of the $10 million in the National Bank to these pet banks, some of which he himself was corruptly personally invested in.
75
The Nullification Crises(1828-1832)
In 1828, a tariff was passed that placed a 38% tax on some imported goods. This impacted the Southern economy, as Southerners now had to pay more for goods imported from Europe. This, as a result, became known as the *Tariff of Abominations*
- In 1833, a South Carolina convention passed an ordinance of nullification prohibiting the collection of tariff duties in the state after February 1st, 1833 and authorizing the raising of an army and funding for weapons.
76
What was did Jackson do as a response to the South Carolina Convention during the Nullification Crisis.
- Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill, giving him authority to act against South Carolina
- A new tariff bill was introduced with a lower rate
77
What is the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
This act mandated the Cherokee “voluntarily” move off their land to lands west of the Mississippi or remain under Georgia law and jurisdiction
78
What happened in Worcester v. Georgia in 1832?
John Marshall’s Supreme Court ruled that Indian nations were “domestic dependent nations,” and thus should be dealt with by the federal government, not state governments (i.e. Georgia).
79
What is European Romanticism?
- Romanticism was an artistic, literary, & intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century. It sparked the Romantic Era from 1800-1850.
- Its emphasis was on emotion, individualism, and nature.
80
How was American Nationalism strengthened in the 19th century?
This would be strengthened with the “victory” in the War of 1812 and the ensuing Era of Good Feelings under President James Monroe, characterized by minimal partisanship.
81
Name two architecture the showed american culture in the arts
- Greek Revival (1800-1850s):
- Famous architecture in the early 19th century was constructed in a Greek revival style, as the nation was just freed from Great Britain and was determined to be the new seat of democracy.
- Gothic Revival (1840s-late 19th C.)
- The Gothic Revival style became popular in the 1840s, with a return to medieval decor with chimneys, gables, gargoyles, and stained glass.
82
What is the transcendentalists movement?
- This movement emphasized the individualists, believing that people could stretch beyond their known capabilities
- Important Transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson, who wrote, “Nature” (1836) and Henry David Thoreau, whose 1849 essay “Resistance to Civil Government,” advocated “civil disobedience” or “passive resistance” to unjust laws.
83
How did the Second Great Awakening impact women roles?
- Female converts far outnumbered male converts. This was rooted in a number of factors, but importantly, women in this period felt particularly responsible for the Christian education of their children, which fell within their separate sphere (cult of domesticity)
- Religious enthusiasm provided for women access to a new range of activities, from charitable societies to missionary organizations
84
How did the Second Great Awakening impact black american roles?
- From these revivals, a group of black preachers emerged who became important figures within the black community.
- These religious revivals among enslaved Black Americans, in particular, translated into a call for liberation, even sparking slave rebellions.
85
