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Period 3 Flashcards

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AP® U.S. History flashcards
1
Q

How did the Seven Years War(French and Indian War) start?

A
  • When the Iroquois granted trading concessions to English merchants in the Ohio Valley, both the French and English built new fortresses in this region.
  • Tensions began to increase leading to a fight in Fort Necessity in 1754
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2
Q

What is the Albany Plan of Union?

A

Benjamin Franklin urged delegates to create “a more centralized government” and create a partnership for the colonies

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3
Q

Was the Albany Plan of Union accepted or rejected? Why?

A

Rejected because they were wary of a consolidation of power(disbanding the legislative or taking power from people already in power)

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4
Q

.

A

.

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5
Q

Who surrendered in September 1760/ The Seven Years War

A

The French surrendered

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6
Q

How did William Pitt turn the tide during the Seven Years War to England’s favor?

A

Pitt dispatched large numbers of British troops to America

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7
Q

What did the Treaty of Paris(1763) state?

A
  • To England, the French ceded(gave up) territory east of Mississippi
  • To Spain, they ceded(gave up) territory west of the Mississippi
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8
Q

How did the Seven Years War impact England?

A
  • England’s territory claims expanded
  • The British emerged as the dominant North American colonial power
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9
Q

Where did colonists begin to move after the Seven Years War?

A
  • colonists began to move west over the Appalachian Mountains and into western tribal lands
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10
Q

What Rebellion occurred after the Seven Years War?

A
  • Pontiac’s Rebellion, an alliance of tribes under Chief Pontiac, struck back. Fighting lasted 18 months
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11
Q

Why did King George III issue the Proclamation of 1763? What was the Proclamation?

A

The Proclamation was made to protect the colonists (probably after the Pontiac Rebellion)
It barred Americans from settling west of the Appalachians

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12
Q

What was the colonists response to the Proclamation of 1763?

A

Colonists were incensed(angry) by this order and many simply ignored it

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13
Q

What did England do to try and increase authority over the colonists?

A
  • They passed several acts in the colonies to raise revenue:
    • 1764 Currency Act
    • 1764 Sugar Act
    • 1767 Quartering Act
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14
Q

What happened to Britain’s debt after the war?

A

it doubled

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15
Q

What are the reasons for the taxation over the colonists? (3)

A
  • French and Indian War costed 70 million dollars doubling the debt
  • 10,000 British troops stationed in the colonies to protect colonists from Native American attacks
  • Colonists had not historically been taxed nearly as much as those in Britain(who paid 20x)
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16
Q

What Act enforced the Navigation Acts and caused the Navy to start patrolling?

A

1763 Revenue Act

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17
Q

What was the 1765 Stamp Act?

A

Taxed all printed materials(first direct tax). This impacted every colony and every social class

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18
Q

What was the response to the Stamp Act?

A
  • Protests
  • Sons of Liberty
  • Stamp Act Congress
  • Boycotts
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19
Q

What is the 1766 Declaratory Act?

A

States that Parliament has the right to tax and legislate for the colonies

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20
Q

What is the 1765 Quartering Act?

A

required colonists to house and feed British soldiers

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21
Q

What is the 1767 Townshend Revenue Act and what was it used for?

A
  • taxed imports like glass, lead, tea, paper, and pain.
    • This would be used to pay English officials in the colonies
    • Colonists boycotted, signed petitions, and other more violent protests
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22
Q

What was the response to the Townshend Revenue Act? (2 specific examples)

A
  • 1768 Non-Importation Agreement
  • 1770 Boston Massacre
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23
Q

What was the 1768 Non-Importation Agreement
and the 1770 Boston Massacre

A
  • 1768 Non-Importation Agreement: NY and MA merchants agreed to boycott most British goods until repealed
  • 1770 Boston Massacre(March 5th): Resulted in the death of 5 colonists, including Crispus Attcks, a freed black colonist
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24
Q

What did the 1773 Tea act do?

A

It gave the British East Indian Company a monopoly on the American tea trade

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25
Q

What was the response to the 1773 Tea Acts

A
  • Boycotts and protests organized
  • Ships loaded with tea were not allowed in harbors
  • December 16th, 1773: Boston Tea Party
  • Smaller “tea parties” in Charleston, Philadelphia, and NYC
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26
Q

What was the British’s response to the colonists defiance?

A

the 1774 Intolerable (Coercive) Acts

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27
Q

What were the overall reasons why colonists resisted the British? (4)

A
  • Deprived of the rights of British citizens
  • Taxation Without Representation
  • Tradition of Self-Rule
  • Enlightenment Ideals
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28
Q

What were the 1774 Intolerable (Coercive) Acts made up of?

A
  • Boston Port Acts(March)
  • MA Gov’t Act & Administration of Justice Act(May)
  • Quartering Act & Quebec Act (June)
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29
Q

What were the colonists response to the 1774 Intolerable Acts? (4)

A
  • Colonists collected food to send to Boston
  • VA house of Burgesses had day of prayer and fasting
  • Committees of Correspondence formed
  • First Continental Congress convened in September 1774
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30
Q

Who were some specific people that mobilized resistance?(4)

A
  • James Otis called for the Stamp Act Congress
  • Patrick Henry threatened King George the III
  • Sam Adams
  • Mercy Otis Warren was the first historian of the American Revolution
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31
Q

What did enlightenment philosophy inspire?

A

American political thinkers like John Locke

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32
Q

What enlightenment philosophy did John Locke teach?

A

John Locke taught that human beings were essentially good and that, as individuals, we came together to create government

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33
Q

What did the Great Awakening emphasize?

A

individual salvation

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34
Q

What played a key role in American identity?

A

religion

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35
Q

Who emphasized American exceptionalism through religious thought?

A

John Winthrop’s “City Upon a Hill” emphasized American exceptionalism

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36
Q

Why did Pilgrims, Puritans, Maryland Catholics, Quakers, and others come to America?

A

to pursue religious freedom

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37
Q

How did Thomas Paine’s Common Sense gain popularity? What did it spark?

A

It was read aloud at saloons and inns across the colonies, sparking widespread interest in independence

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38
Q

Thomas Paine’s Common Senses’ central idea was to declare independence because: (4)

A
  • Mercantilism has become oppressive
  • Distance makes English rule ludicrous
  • England has political mistreated colonies
  • Monarchies are outdated
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39
Q

who did congress appoint to draft the declaration?

A

the Committee of Five(included Thomas Jefferson)

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40
Q

What were two key ideas from John Locke? (not including the enlightenment)

A

natural rights and the social contract
- Government was to protect life, liberty, and property(natural rights)
- If government did not protect these rights, we had the right to revolt and create a new government (social contract)

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41
Q

What were some other ideas/writings after the Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence.

A
  • Declaration of Sentiments, Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1848)
  • What to a Slave is the Fourth of July, Fredrick Douglass (1852)
  • The Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln(1863)
  • I Have a Dream, Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
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42
Q

3 sparks for the American Revolution

A
  • March-June 1774: Intolerable Acts
  • September 1774: First Continental Congress
  • January 1775: Petition sent to King George II (likely never read)
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43
Q

What occurred on April 18th, 1775

A
  • 700 British troops marched from Boston to Concord, MA to seize a store of arms
  • Sons of Liberty catch wind of this plan, leading Paul Revere and others to sound the alarm
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44
Q

What happened April 19th, 1775(early morning)

A
  • Day break: 70 minutemen waiting to meet the British
  • Outnumbered some start to leave and then… a shot is fired
  • “The shot hear ‘round the world’”
  • 8 colonists, one redcoat killed
  • Fighting breaks out again on the return to Boston, and by the time the British make it to Boston, 73 redcoats are dead
    • around 200 redcoats were missing/wounded
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45
Q

How were the French convinced to join America in the war

A

The Battle of Saratoga(1777) that resulted in America’s victory

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46
Q

What did the French do after the Battle of Saratoga(1777)

A

they entered a formal alliance with the Americans

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47
Q

What were the 2 theaters during the American Revolution?

A

The Northern Theater and the Southern Theater

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48
Q

What happened September 19th, 1781

A

British General Cornwallis was forced to surrender at Yorktown, Virginia

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49
Q

What did General Marquis de Lafayette do in the Southern Theater

A

General Marquis de Lafayette(French) convinced Washington to move the army down to VA and successfully crushed the British

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50
Q

As fighting stalled in the North what did the British do?

A

British turned attention to the South. They captured Savannah, GA, Charleston, SC, and onto VA

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51
Q

What did women do during the American Revolution?

A

Supported effort by running homes & businesses, supplying troops, and (pre-war) organizing boycotts

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52
Q

What did Native Americans do during the American Revolution?

A

Thery allied with the British because an independent America proved a far greater risk than continued British presence

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53
Q

What happened to Native Americans after the war?

A

they were left out of peace negotiations

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54
Q

Describe the treatment of African Americans during the American Revolution

A
  • 9,000 Black Americans fought on the side of the US(5% of forces)
    • Served 8x longer
    • Most initially fought on the British side, who had promised freedom
    • Many gained freedom following the war
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55
Q

Who were loyalists?

A

They fought on the side of the British; 70,000 fled to Canada after the war

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56
Q

Describe the Treaty of Paris(1783)

A
  • American Independence was officially recognized
  • All land east of the Mississippi and north of FL was given to the Americans
  • British forts had to be evacuated
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57
Q

How did American Independence effect African Americans?

A
  • it increased exposure for African Americans to the concept of liberty.
  • exposed to revolutionary ideas engaged in open resistance to white control
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58
Q

Name an African American that was resisting against white control

A

Thomas Jeremiah

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59
Q

What was the first state to declare slavery illegal?

A

1780 Pennsylvania, led by the anti-slavery Quakers

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60
Q

True or False. Over time the North fully abolished slavery

A

False - a significant number of Black Americans remained enslaved in the North for several decades

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61
Q

Over time after the war, what happened to voting rights?

A
  • Property qualifications for voting were gradually removed in some states:
    • 1800: VT, KY, & NH granted universal white male suffrage
    • Four additional states restricted voting to white males through taxpaying qualifications
  • True national republicanism, however, remained largely elusive(difficult)
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62
Q

What were two prominent women figures?

A
  • Abigail Adams
  • Judith Sargent Murray
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63
Q

What is the theory of republican motherhood

A

women instructs their children in the virtues of republicanism?

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64
Q

How did the American Revolution impact France?

A

1789 It sparked the French Revolution

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65
Q

How did the American Revolution impact Haiti?

A

it motivated the Haitian Revolution 1791

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66
Q

What was the Haitian Revolution and what happened?

A

Led bt Toussaint Louverture, over 100,000 revolutionaries - mostly enslaved Black Haitians, defeated both the white settlers and the French colonial armies sent to quell the rebellion

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67
Q

Who led the French Revolution?

A

Thomas Paine and Marquis de Lafayette at its forefront

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68
Q

What was the state constitution that was agreed upon for the Articles of Confederation?

A

Americans agreed their new governments would be republican (power stemming from the people

69
Q

What were the new state constitutions characteristics??(3)

A
  • Were written down
  • Severely limited executive branches (and even without in PA)
  • Gave most power to the legislative branches
    • These states had an upper and lower house, except Georgia and Pennsylvania.
70
Q

True or False. Property requirements remained for voters in all states.

A

True

71
Q

What concerned Americans in the 1780s to 1790s?

A

Americans were growing increasingly concerned about the apparent instability of their new state governments.

72
Q

What happened to the states constitutions in the late 1780s?

A

almost every state had either revised its constitution or drawn up a new one with expanded powers for governors

73
Q

Weakness of the Articles of Confederation(2)

A
  • needed a unanimous vote to change the rules
  • No power to levy taxes directly on the people
74
Q

What did most people believe about the central government at first?

A

that the central government should remain relatively weak.

75
Q

What was the response to the belief that the central government should remain relatively weak?

A

The Articles of Confederation

76
Q

2 Examples of how the Articles of Confederation a weak central government?

A
  • No executive branch
  • No judicial branch
77
Q

What happened to the nations(idk what nations) in 9 years? (4)

A
  • A postwar recession
  • Failure to repay debts
  • Interstate squabbles
  • Lack of respect from other nations
78
Q

What is the confederation’s most important accomplishment?(Northwest Ordinance)

A

organizing western lands with the Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787

79
Q

What was the effect of the organizing of western lands?(6)

A
  • Set the pattern and precedent for settlement of the NW Territory
  • Provided guidelines for territories to become states
  • Guaranteed citizenship
  • Contained a bill of rights with religious freedom protections
  • Prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory
  • Allowed for the return of fugitive slaves
80
Q

When was the first time the new federal government recognized the sovereignty of Indian nations

A

In 1795, the Miami Native Americans in the region signed a treaty, ceding lands to the US government

81
Q

What is the economic context of Shays’ Rebellion?

A
  • After more than a century of dependence on Great Britain, the American economy found itself suddenly on its own
  • While rebuilding, a postwar depression took hold 1784-1787
  • Both the national government and state government faced mounting debt. States, with the power to tax, increased taxes
82
Q

What happened which added an urgency to the movement to produce a new, strengthened constitution?

A

Shays’ Rebellion

83
Q

Why did Shays’ Rebellion start?

A

Thousands of farmers, unable to pay debts, lost their farms. Many rioted, particularly in New England

84
Q

True or False. Shays’ Rebellion started because of the Stamp and Paper Tax.

A

FALSE

85
Q

Where did Shays’ Rebellion take place?

A

took place in MA 1786-1787

86
Q

True or False. Daniel Shay, the leader of Shays’ Rebellion, was a former captain during the Revolutionary War, and closed down several courthouses.

A

True

87
Q

Why did Shay’s Rebellion take a long time to die down/ stop?

A

the Articles of Confederation did not allow for a standing army, only the state militia acted as a defense, severely prolonging efforts to put down the rebellion

88
Q

What was realized after Shays’ Rebellion?

A

it became clear that there needed to be a balance between liberty and security

89
Q

What happened after Shays’ Rebellion?

A
  • The Constitutional Convention was called together in Philadelphia
  • All states (except RI) dispatched at total of 55 representatives to this convention in May 1787 at Independence Hall
90
Q

True or False. Every SINGLE state sent a representative to the Independence Hall 1787(The Constitutional Convention)

A

False - Rhode Island did not send a representatives

91
Q

Who was unanimously elected president?

A

George Washington

92
Q

What happened to the Articles of Confederation during the Constitutional Convention?

A

It was scrapped/ got rid of

93
Q

Who suggested the Virginia Plan/ Large States Plan

A

Edmund Randolph in May 29th

94
Q

What did the Large State Plan/ Virginia Plan state?

A

the lower house of Congress would be proportional to population (i.e. the more people a state had, the more representatives it would have)

95
Q

What Plan was proposed by William Patterson after the Virginia Plan?

A

the New Jersey Plan (Small States Plan)

96
Q

What is the New Jersey Plan (Small States Plan)

A

calls for a unicameral legislature in which each state had equal representation, regardless of state population

97
Q

What is the Great Compromise(Connecticut Compromise)?

A
  • states a bicameral legislature:
    • Upper House (Senate): Each state had equal representation
    • Lower House (House of Representatives): State representatives based on population
98
Q

True or False. Edmund Randolph suggested the Great Compromise.

A

FALSE - he suggested the Large States Plan/the Virginia Plan

99
Q

True or False. Roger Sherman suggested the Great Compromise.

A

True!!

100
Q

Who wanted the Three-Fifths Compromise?

A

Southerners wanted enslaved people to be counted for purposes of deciding representation in the house of Representatives, but not for determining taxes

101
Q

What did the Three-Fifths Compromise state?

A

stated that 3/5ths of enslaved Americans in a state would be counted for congressional representation and taxation

102
Q

What was another effect of the Three-Fifths Compromise

A

it gave additional voting power to slave-holding states

103
Q

Who wanted the Commerce Compromise? Why?

A

Northerners wanted a government that could regulate trade.

104
Q

Who disagreed with the Commerce Compromise?

A

Southerners, feared that importing enslaved Africans would be prohibited & that their agricultural exports would be taxed

105
Q

What did the Fugitive Slave Clause require?

A

required all states to aid in the return of an enslaved person

106
Q

What did the Commerce Compromise state?

A

stated that Congress could NOT tax a state’s exports on the condition that the slave trade would be prohibited in 20 years

107
Q

What did the Presidency Compromise agree on?

A

agreed on a 4-years term and the direct election of the President through the Electoral College System

108
Q

What did delegates favoring a strong national government want in Presidency?

A

a President elected directly by the people with a long-term of office

109
Q

What did delegates favoring state rights want in Presidency?

A

wanted a short term of office with state legislatures selecting the president

110
Q

State the start of ratification:

A
  • September 12th, 1787: Submitted to the convention and reviewed
  • September 17th 1787: 39 delegates signed the Constitution
  • The document needed to be ratified by the states
  • Once nine states ratified it, it would go into effect
111
Q

What are the federalist and anti-federalists?

A

Federalists (supporters of ratification) or the Anti-federalists (those who opposed ratification)

112
Q

What did the federalists and anti-federalist want in the government?

A
  • Federalist Answer: Favored a strong central government and therefore were in favor of the Constitution
  • Anti-federalist Answer: Favored strong states’ rights and therefore were in opposition to the Constitution
113
Q

What were the characteristics of federalists?(4)

A
  • Tended to be…
  • Wealthier, better educated, more influential
  • Craftmen, artisans, merchants
  • Lived along the coast and cities
114
Q

What were the characteristics of anti-federalists?

A
  • Tended to be…
  • Farmers, the lower working class, debtors
  • many lived in the less settled western and northern regions of states
115
Q

What did federalists tend to believe?(2)

A
  • Trusted a strong national government that balanced security and liberty
  • Concerned the new nation would end in anarchy
116
Q

What did anti-federalists tend to believe(3)?

A
  • Trusted local and state governments
  • Feared the new nation would return to tyranny
  • Concerned about the lack of a bill of rights
117
Q

How did federalists persuade the public?

A

Wrote the Federalist papers, 84 essays written to persuade state delegates to vote for ratification

118
Q

How did anti-federalists persuade the public?

A

Wrote the Anti-federalist papers, essays written to persuade state delegates NOT to vote for ratification

119
Q

What did the Preamble state for the Constitution?

A
  • Create a better, stronger national government
  • Provide for the defense of the nation
  • Ensure a system of justice
  • Promote the well-being of the people
  • provide for peace at home
  • Secure liberty to the people
120
Q

What are the requirements for the House of Representatives?(4)

A
  • At least 1 per state
  • Representation based on population
  • Serve 2-year terms, elected by voters
  • 25 years+ & citizen for 7 years
121
Q

What are the requirements for Senate?(3)

A
  • Exactly 2 per state
  • Serve 6-years terms, elected by state legislatures*
  • 30 years+ & citizen for 9 years
122
Q

What powers does the House of Representatives have?

A
  • Select the president if no canidate revieves a majority of the electoral vote
  • Bring impeachment charges
  • Original all revenue bills
123
Q

What powers does the Senate have?

A
  • Select the VP if no majority vote
  • Act as jury in case of impeachment
  • Ratify treaties by a 2/3rds vote
  • Approve presidential appointments, including federal judges
124
Q

What are the president’s power?

A
  • Signs bills into law (or vetoes)
  • Issues executive orders that have the effect of laws
  • Appoints judges, diplomats, and other high government officials
  • Can grant reprieves, pardons, and amnesties
125
Q

What is Article I?

A

The Legislate Branch

126
Q

What is Article II?

A

The Executive Branch

127
Q

What is Article III?

A

The Judicial Branch

128
Q

What is federalism?

A
  • The power to govern is divided between the local government, state governments, and the national government, creating a federal system of government
  • Federalism is illustrated in the US Constitution in the various powers allocated to the states & national government
129
Q

What is the Delegated Powers?

A

The National Government:
- maintain army and navy
- Declare war
- Coin money
- Regulate foreign and interstate trade
- Make all laws necessary for carrying out delegated powers

130
Q

What is the Reserved Powers?

A

State Government:
- Conduct elections
- Establish schools
- Regulate business within a state
- establish local governments
- Assume other powers not given to the national government

131
Q

What are the Concurrent Powers?

A

Both the national government and state government:
- Enforce laws
- Establish courts
- Borrow money
- Protect the safety of the people
- Build roads
- Collect taxes

132
Q

What is separation of powers?

A

Power to govern at the national level is divided among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to ensure no single branch can dominate the government

133
Q

What is checks and Balences?

A
  • Each branch of the national government has ways to check, or control, the other branches.
    • this prevents one branch from gaining too much power
134
Q

What is judicial independence?

A

Judges are appointed rather than elected and serve a lifetime in order to ensure that the judicial system is independent from political influence

135
Q

The Constitution’s flexibility allows it to meet changing conditions in 3 ways…

A
  • Elastic Clause:
    • Congress can make all laws “necessary and proper”
  • Amendment Process:
    • Constitution can be formally changed
  • Unwritten Constitution:
    • Traditions allow for change and flexibility
136
Q

Proclamation of Neutrality

A
  • In February 1793, France declared war against Great Britain, Spain, and Holland in the wake of the French Revolution
    • Since France had aided the United States in independence, there was considerable American sympathy
    • However, New England merchants also found Great Britain to be a better market for American products
  • When war broke out, George Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality on April 22nd, 1793, in which he declared the nation would remain at peace with both nations
137
Q

How did the Proclamation of Neutrality set a standard?

A

This set a standard that remained in place for generations: steer clear of involvement in European affairs

138
Q

What is Jay’s Treaty(1794):

A
  • What resulted was the Jay Treaty, signed on November 29th, 1794, with terms humiliating to the US:
    • It provided for undisputed American sovereignty in the Northwest, but…
    • Favored all other British interests
    • Said nothing about impressment
    • Required abandonment of trade in staples like cotton, sugar and molasses
139
Q

Pinckney’s Treaty (1795):

A
  • Jay’s Treaty paved the way for settlement of disputes with Spain
    • Pinckney’s Treaty was negotiated by Thomas Pinckney and signed in 1795:
      • The Northern boundary of Florida was fixed at the 31st parallel
      • The Spanidh agreed to prevent Native Americans raids north of that border
      • Spain recognized the right off American ships to navigate the Mississippi to New Orleans
140
Q

Whiskey Rebellion(1794):

A

In 1794, farmers in western Pennsylvania raised a major challenge to federal authority when they refused to pay the new whiskey exercise tax and began terrorizing tax collectors in the region

141
Q

Name the people and positions in Washington’s cabinet

A
  • Thomas Jefferson,
    • Secretary of State
    • State Department
  • Alexander Hamilton,
    • Secretary of Treatsury
    • Treasury Department
  • Henry Know,
    • Secretary of War
    • War Department
142
Q

What was Hamilton’s Financial Plan?

A
  • The assumption of state debts by the federal government
  • The creation of a National Bank (quasi-private/private)
  • The passage of an exercise tax on distilled liquor
143
Q

What were the roots of the First Party System?

A

Growing disagreement between those who favored Hamilton and Jefferson initiated the slow evolution of a two-party system in the United States

144
Q

What is the Federalist and Democratic-Republican Party?

A
  • Federalist Party
    • Strong national government and distrust for the people’s ability to govern
  • Democratic-Republican Party
    • Local autonomy and individual rights and distrust of strong central government power
145
Q

Adams and the Federalists then used their increased power to pass laws that have remained notorious:

A
  • Naturalization Act: made immigrants wait 14 years to become citizens
  • Sedition Act: allowed the jailing of anyone who criticized the president or Congress
  • Alien Act: Allowed the deportation of foreigners
146
Q

What did Washington discuss in his Farewell address?

A
  • At the end of his second term, Washington wrote his “Farewell Address,” first published in the American Daily Advertiser on September 19th, 1796
  • In the document Washington provides two core pieces of advice
    • Beware of disunity
    • Avoid foreign entanglements
147
Q

What is the XYZ affair and what happened because of it?

A
  • Under John Adam’s presidency in 1797, the XYZ Affair exploded between the two political parties.
  • Seeking to halt French seizures of American vessels, Adams sent a delegation to France to negotiate
  • Before they even could, however, three French agents (identified only as X, Y, and Z) demanded bribes just for the opportunity to speak
  • Federalists, including Hamilton, called for immediate military action, and an undeclared naval war (quasi-war) ensued leading the Federalists to win big in the 1798 congressional midterms
148
Q

What did George Washington create during his presidency?

A
  • George Washington(1789-1797):
    • Creation of the Cabinet
    • Creation of the US Army
    • Two-Term Presidency
    • Federal Financial system
    • Establishment of Washington, DC
    • Neutrality of Foreign Affairs
    • Federal Court System
    • Foreign Treaties
    • Farewell Address Warnings
149
Q

What did John Adams create during his presidency?

A
  • John Adams (1797-1801):
    • Creation of US Navy & Marines
    • Peaceful Transition of Power
    • Country over Party
    • Establishment of the Library of Congress
    • Strengthening of the Supreme Court
150
Q

Describe the Constitutional Convention

A
  • A North-South geographic and economic division was evolving into an ideological and political division right at the moment the states were forming a new nation and government
  • Of all the compromises that formed the Constitution, none highlighted this division more than the compromise over the slave trade - Commerce Compromise
  • The compromise and debate reflected the efforts to secure regional power in the Constitution, becoming known as the “dirty compromise”
151
Q

What is the Tariff Act of 1789

A

Geographic tensions were further stoked with the passage of the Tariff Act of 1789, which placed a tariff (tax) on imports

152
Q

How did Northeners and Southerners feel about the Tariff Act?

A
  • Northerners favored a higher rate to protect their industry from foreign encroachment
  • On the other hand, Southern farmers wanted a lower rate to provide for cheaper consumer goods
153
Q

What was compromised about the Tariff Act?

A

Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton compromised by setting a rate lower than he preferred while also imposing his whiskey exercise tax to make up the shortfall in revenue.

154
Q

How was political national culture evolving?

A

the ideology of republicanism became a distinct aspect of American identity, even becoming widely accepted in the colonies before the Revolution

155
Q

3 american authors and artists that contributed to national identity

A
  • American artists Benjamin West and Gilbert Stuart became famous for their portraits of American statemen
  • In 1773, Phillis Wheatley gained fame when she became the first published African American poet, often writing with a political bent
  • In 1784, Judith Sargent Murray published an essay defending the rights of women in education
156
Q

How was national identity expressed in architecture?

A
  • Thomas Jefferson, for example, modeled his home, Monticello, and university, the University of Virginia, in a Neo-Classical fashioned inspired by the Pantheon in Rome
  • Washington, DC is perhaps the most significant example of republicanism built into American architecture
157
Q

What was the 1794 Treaty of Canadaigua (the Pickering Treaty)

A

signed between the federal government and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy in New York. The deals secured an ally for the young US government and returned more than a million acres to the Haudenosaunee(a native tribe)

158
Q

What happened gradually after the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua(Pickering Treaty)?

A

officials in the state of New York began to buy off portions of this land, leaving the Oneida Nation, for example, with just 32 acres of treaty land by the 20th century.

159
Q

After the Revolutionary War how was the relationship between Great Britain and Native American nations?

A

Great Britain remained tied to numerous Native American nations through alliances and treaties

160
Q

Did the British remain in the western regions of the United States?

A

Yes, they continuined to trade guns and other European manufactured goods for native furs

161
Q

What was the spark of the Northwest Indian War(Ohio War)?

A

The British hoped that American Indians, with British weapons, would stop the westward expansion by the newly independent United States.

162
Q

What is the Northwest Indian War?

A

A war between the United States and the Western Confederacy (a confederation of Native American tribes) from 1785 to 1795, fought for control of the Northwest Territory

163
Q

What was the ending of the Northwest Indian War?

A

The war ended with US victory and British withdrawal in the Treaty of Greenville, it exacerbated existing tensions between the United States and Great Britain

164
Q

What was the cause of conflict between wealthy landowners and squatters?

A

As the number of migrants began increasing westward expansion increased.
States began to fill up with squatters who were often Scots-Irish and other poor immigrants, land speculators, often of wealthy English descent, had already bought up vast tracts of land in the western portion of states, putting these wealthy landowners in conflict with squatters

165
Q

Explain how Georgia contributed to the growing political and social tension from westward movement.

A

In 1794, down south in Georgia, Georgia legislators were bribed to sell most of the land now making up the state of Mississippi (then a part of Georgia’s western land claims) to four land companies for the sum of $500,000, far below its market value

166
Q

Explain the expansion of slavery after the revolutionary war:

A

Though the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory, the institution of slavery simultaneously expanded in the Deep South, spreading rapidly into the Mississippi Territory in 1798 and subsequently Alabama in the early 19th century.

167
Q

What was the last northern state to abolish slavery?

A

the New Jersey state being the least gradually phase out slavery in 1804

168
Q

What invention accelerated the profitability of slavery?

A

Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention of the cotton gin would accelerate the profitability of slavery, leading to further expansion in the South.

169
Q

Describe the main source of labor for the northern and the southern regions.

A

The North increasingly shaped into a region of immigrants who provided the cheap labor supply as the North industrialized, the South solidified its shaping of a region tied firmly to slavery and agriculture

APUSH (6 decks)

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