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anatomy exam 4 > perineum 1 and 2 > Flashcards

perineum 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Innervation of the upper half of the anal canal

A

autonomic nerves

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2
Q

what are the arteries involved in the upper half of the anal canal

A

superior rectal a (off the IMesenteric A)

middle rectal a (off internal iliac)

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3
Q

what are the veins involved in the upper half of the anal canal? what is special about the upper half of the anal canal veins?

A

superior rectal vein that drains into the inferior mesenteric vein
inferior mesenteric v is part of the portal system

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4
Q

lymphatics of the upper half of the anal canal

A

travel superiorly, to inferior mesenteric nodes

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5
Q

what is the lower half of the anal canal derived from and what defines it?

A

ectoderm of the proctodeum (future anal pit)

pectinate line is what separates the upper and lower half of the anal canal

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6
Q

what innervates the lower anal canal?

A

somatic- inferior branch of the pudendal nerve

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7
Q

what arteries supply the lower anal canal?

Veins?

A

inferior rectal a (internal pudendal)

inferior rectal v- that drains into the internal pudendal (NOT PORTAL)

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8
Q

compare and contrast the anal sphincters

A 
internal sphincter
-smooth muscle- involuntary
external sphincter
-voluntary, skeletal m 
-innervated by the inferior rectal nerve (branch of the pudendal nerve)
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9
Q

what is the purpose of the ischiorectal fossa?

A

-to permit the distention of the anal canal

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10
Q

pudendenal canal

  • location?
  • what passes thru it? where does it enter in the pudendal canal?
A
  • in the ischiorectal fossa in the fascia of the obturator internus muscle
  • where the pudendal nerveand the internal pudendal artery and vein enter (VIA THE LESSER SCIATIC FORAMEN)
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11
Q 
pudendenal nerve
what does it innervate?
what spinal level?
where does it exit and enter?
Branches?
A

s2-4
-innervates external genitalia of both sexes and the skin around the anus and perineum, plus motor supply to pelvic muscles, including the external urethral sphincter and the external anal sphincter
-exits pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen and enters perineum via the lesser sciatic foramen
branches are:
PID: inferior rectal, dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris and perineal nerves

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12
Q

internal pudendenal artery

  • off what artery
  • what are its branches?
A
  • internal iliac artery

- branches- inferior rectal a., and branches to the penis or labia and clitoris

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13
Q

what is the superficial facia of the urogenital triangle called if it is around the abdomen AND IT IS FATTY?
How does it present in men vs women?

A
  • camper’s fascia
  • Men: disappears at scrotum and penis, becomes dartos muscle in skin of scrotum
  • women- makes up the fatty portion of the mons and labia majora
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14
Q

dartos muscle

A

-superficial abdominal fascia on males turns into this at scrotum

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15
Q

Colles fascia

A

-superficial facia in the urogenital triangle that is the MEMBRANOUS layer

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16
Q

what is colles fascia and what is it called when it’s in the area of the abdomen?
what does this part of the fascia do?

A
  • Colles Fascia is the superficial fascia that is membranous
  • around the abdomen, it is called SCARPA’S FACIA
  • Forms a tubular sheath around the penis and clitoris
  • in males, it is attached to the dartos muscle
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17
Q

Deep investing fascia of the urogenital triangle

A
  • envelopes the muscles of perineum

- fused to suspensory ligaments of the penis/clitoris

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18
Q

how does the deep investing fascia of the urogenital triangle continue in the abdomen and below?

A
  • it is continuous with the fascia of the external abdominal oblique and the rectus sheath
  • continues as deep penile fascia in men
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19
Q

bucks fascia

A
  • a continuation of deep fascia in penises

- holds the penile corpora together- bind the erectile bodies together (spongiosa and copora)

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20
Q

Male superficial perineal pouch
where is it?
what does it contain?

A
  • potential space between membranous (colles) fascia and perineal membrane (a thin inferior layer of fascia in the urogenital diaphragm)
  • contains: root of the penis, ischiocavernosus m., bulbospongiosus m., superficial transverse perineal m., spongy urethra
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21
Q

what does most of the deep perineal pouch mostly consist of

A

-sphincter urethrae and transverse perineal muscles

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22
Q

dartos muscle
innervated by?
what does it do?

A
  • innervated by the genital branch of the genital femoral n

- elevates the testes and wrinkles and expands the scrotum to change the surface area subject to thermoreg

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23
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

fibrous outer membrane of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

24
Q

what binds the erectile bodies together?

A

bucks fascia (deep fascia)

25
Q

where is the root of the penis located?

A

in the superficial perineal pouch

26
Q

what are the three cylindrical erectile tissues on the root of the penis called? where are they attached to?

A
  • bulb- corpus spongiosum that is attached to the perineal membrane of the UG diaphragm
  • 2 (left and right) crura- corpus cavernosum- attached to ischiopubic rami
27
Q

what structure does the spongy urethra run through and where does it open up to?

A

-it runs through the corpora spongiosum and it opens up to the external urethral meatus

28
Q

what are the muscles covering the bulb and the crura?

A
  • bulbospongiosus muscles
29
Q

what is the function of the bulbospongiousus muscles?

A
  • cover BULB of the penis
  • help to compress bulb when contracted that allows for emptying spongy urethra of residual semen or urine
  • helps compress bulb to help with erection via increasing compression to venous return from penis
30
Q

Ischiocavernosus muscles
how many
what are they
function

A
  • 2
  • paired muscles covering the left and right CRUS
  • compress each crus to allow for achieving and maintaining an erection via compression of the crura (forcing blood distally) and by retarding venous return
31
Q

what is the perineal body and what nerve lives here (what does it innervate)?

A
  • The perineal body is the center of the perineum and attaches to the bulbospongiosus, the superficial transverse perineal muscles and the external anal sphincter
  • the pudendenal nerve runs thru the perineal body and supplies muscles and skin to the perineum
32
Q

superficial transverse perineal muscles

A
  • fix the perineal body

- originate from ITs and insert at P. body

33
Q

where is the external sphincter urethrae muscle located and what innervates it? is this voluntary or in voluntary?

A
  • deep perineal pouch
  • innervated by perineal branch of the pudendenal nerve
  • voluntary
34
Q

Bulbourethral glands? where are they located and what do they do?

A
  • aka cowper’s glands
  • they are located in the deep perineal pouch and extend into the superficial perineal pouch
  • secrete fluid that cleanse urethra and provide lubrication for sexual activity
35
Q

deep perineal muscle

A
  • deep to the sphincter urethrae

- extend from the ischial rami to the perineal body

36
Q

what nerve innervates the skin of the penis and the glands of the penis? what is that a branch of? where is it located?

A
  • the dorsal nerve of the penis that is a branch of the pudendal
  • located in the deep perineal pouch
37
Q

what artery supplies the penis?

A

-the internal pudendal artery

38
Q

Helicine branches

A
  • branch of the deep artery of the penis (branch of the internal pudendal artery) that aids in erection
  • located in the cavernous space
  • coiled when penis is flaccid
39
Q

what forms the prepuce and the frenulum in the female?

A

-folds in the labia MINORA

40
Q

where is the root of the clitoris attached?

what are the three masses of erectile tissue?

A
  • the superficial perineal pouch (like the root of the penis)
  • 1) bulb of the vestibule- analogous with the bulb of the penis and corpus spongiosum-divided into two parts surrounding the vaginal orifice and the urethral orifice
  • 2 and 3) left and right crura- corpora cavernosa that attaches to the pubic arch
41
Q

what is the body of the clitoris? what is contained in the body of the clitoris?

A
  • detached portion of the clitoris

- corpora cavernosa and glands in the head

42
Q

Bulbospongiosus muscles of the clitoris

A
  • cover the bulb of the clitoris

- compress deep dorsal vein of clitoris

43
Q

ischiocavernosus muscle of the clitoris

A
  • cover the crura of the clitoris

- assist in erection of clitoris

44
Q

greater and lesser vestibular gland muscles? and where does each open to?

A
  • secrete mucus for sexual activity
  • greater- secretes to vestibule
  • lesser-secretes to vestibule and labia
45
Q

what nerve supplies the clitoris and what does it come off of? where is it located?

A
  • dorsal nerve of the clitoris off of the pudendal nerve

- in the deep perineal pouch

46
Q

what artery supplies the clitoris?

A

-the internal pudendal artery

47
Q

which urethral sphincter is only in males? what is its purpose? is it symp. or para?

A
  • internal urethral sphincter
  • purpose: to prevent semen from being released back into the bladder (retrograde ejaculation)
  • sympathetic- smooth muscle
48
Q

external urethral sphincter?

A
  • males and females have it
  • striated, voluntary muscle
  • prevents you from peeing on yourself
49
Q

what type of response is an erection? what nerves cause this? what actually occurs to physically cause the erection?

A
  • parasympathetic
  • s2-4 PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES
  • Helicine arteries dilate filling cavernous tissues with blood
  • bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles impede blood flow allowing maintain of erection
50
Q

what is emission? is it sympathetic or para? what nerves are involved?

A
  • movement of semen into urethra
  • sympathetic
  • L1 and L2 SYMPATHETICS
51
Q

what nerves are involved in ejaculation? what roles do symp and para play? what muscles are involved in ejaculation?

A
  • s2-4- PUDENDAL NERVE
  • symp- allows for closure of internal urethral sphincter
  • para- contracts urethral muscle
  • bulbospongious and ischocavernosus rhythmic contractions cause ejaculation
52
Q

what are the differences in muscle types between in the internal and external anal sphincter muscles? what roles do they each play?

A
  • internal is smooth and external is skeletal
  • when need to poop, smooth muscle relaxes and causes urge to poop
  • skeletal muscle holds it until you have reached a bathroom
53
Q

what is the function of the ischioanal fossa and what are its boundaries?

A
  • function: to compress or expand the anal canal

- obturator internus muscle and the levator ani muscle and skin of the outside

54
Q

what does the superior rectal artery come off of?

A

the inferior mesenteric artery

55
Q

How are internal hemorrhoids formed and why are they the most common type of hemorrhoid? why do internal hemorrhoids rarely cause pain?

A
  • internal hemorrhoids are in the upper half of the rectal canal and form due to a build up of fluid via the portal system where the superior rectal vein drains. they form more often because that portal system is more likely to pack up than the system draining the lower half (inferior rectal to internal pudendal)
  • they are not usually painful because the innervation up there is usually sympathetic versus the external hemorrhoids at the inferior portion of the rectum that has somatic innervation

anatomy exam 4 (8 decks)

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