perfusion

Question 1

perfusion definition

Answer 1

flow of blood through arteries and capillaries delivering oxygen to cells that sufficient cardiac output for distribution in to the tissues

Question 2

ischemia

Answer 2

low O2 within tissues

Question 3

infarction

Answer 3

prolonged ischemia or sudden complete blockage

Question 4

hypoxia

Answer 4

lack of O2 delivery to the tissues

Question 5

hypoxemia

Answer 5

low O2 in the blood

Question 6

heart flow

Answer 6

deoxygenated blood into vena cava –> right atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonic valve –> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> oxygenated blood through pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> mitral valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta to body

Question 7

SA node

Answer 7

pacemaker of the body
- 60 to 100 bpm

Question 8

central perfusion

Answer 8

force of blood movement generated by cardiac output

Question 9

local perfusion

Answer 9

volume of blood that flows to target tissue

Question 10

preload

Answer 10

amount of stretch in ventricles at the end of diastole

Question 11

afterload

Answer 11

how much resistance that the heart is fighting against to get blood to the tissues

Question 12

ejection fraction

Answer 12

percentage of blood being pushed from left ventricle

Question 13

hydrostatic BP

Answer 13

pressure of a fluid on the wall of whatever fluid is pressing on it

Question 14

coronary artery disease

Answer 14

plaque buildup in arteries
- most common is atherosclerosis

Question 15

angina

Answer 15

changes in vessels causing not enough blood to heart

Question 16

stable angina

Answer 16

can manage with medds and rest and symptoms will improve

Question 17

unstable angina

Answer 17

meds and rest will not improve symptoms

Question 18

Heart failure

Answer 18

inability of ventricles to fill or eject blood

Question 19

left sided heart failure

Answer 19

congestion will be in lungs

Question 20

right sided heart failure

Answer 20

congestion will be in tissues

Question 21

s/s of left sided HF

Answer 21

cough, crackles, wheeze, tachypnea, restless, tachycardia, fatigue, cyanosis

Question 22

s/s of right sided HF

Answer 22

fatigue, enlarged liver and spleen, peripheral edema, weight gain, distended jugular vein

Question 23

important diagnostics

Answer 23

cardiac markers, electrolytes, hemoglobin, BNP, CRP, CBC

Question 24

BNP

Answer 24

objective measure of cardiac function and will increase if heart cant pump effectively

Question 25

troponin

Answer 25

will be positive if MI is in progress

Question 26

D-dimer

Answer 26

if elevated it means a clot has formed and is in the process of breaking down

Question 27

chest x-ray

Answer 27

will tell us if fluid is backed up

Question 28

management

Answer 28

rest, monitor VS, monitor BNP, O2, meds, respiratory status, I/O, abdominal girth, edema, fluid restriction

Question 29

digoxin

Answer 29

positive inotrope that strengthens contraction of heart

Question 30

amlodipine

Answer 30

calcium channel blocker that is a negative inotrope which diminshes contractions and heart rate

Question 31

nitroglycerin

Answer 31

a positive inotrope and antianginal to dilate arteries to help decrease blood presure and diminish contractions and heart rate - issue with this is it can drop bp drastically

Question 33

heparin

Answer 33

anticoagulant that decreases likelihood of making a clot but wont break a clot

Question 34

TPA

Answer 34

thrombolytic that will break apart a clot

Question 35

circulatory shock | includes

Answer 35

distributive - septic - anaphylactic - neurogenic

Question 36

distributive shock | characteristics

Answer 36

loss of blood vessel tone, enlargement of vessel lumen, loss of vascular volume

Question 37

hypovolemic shock

Answer 37

low blood volume - decrease in blood volume leads to inadequate filling of vascular compartment and decreased CO - causes may include hemorrhage, severe dehydration d/t vomitting and diarrhea or low intake

Question 38

s/s of hypovolemic shock

Answer 38

tachycardia, thirst, vasocinstriction, hypotension, low RR, irritable, altered LOC, edema, hyperglycemia

Question 39

hypovolemic shock may lead to

Answer 39

lung injury (ARDS), organ failure

Question 40

cardiogenic shock

Answer 40

low cardiac output - may be caused by STEMI

Question 41

s/s of cardiogenic shock

Answer 41

cyanosis, oliguria, change in LOC, low BP

Question 42

A-fib

Answer 42

atria not contracting regularly causing blood to pool which increases risk of clots - no p-wave - asymptomatic until throw clot

Question 43

A-fib treatment

Answer 43

beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, anticoagulants, antiplatelets

Question 44

atrial flutter

Answer 44

regular rhyth, but atria but very rapidly and consistently - saw tooth appearance - does not allow for atria to relax

Question 45

ventricular tachycardia

Answer 45

rapid heart rate signaling stemming somewhere else than ventricles causing them to beat fast - may be pulseless but conscious - shockable rhythm

Question 46

ventricular fibrilation

Answer 46

ventricles quivering so not getting good pump of blood out and at a very quick pace - shockable - can result in cardiac arrest

Question 47

compartment syndrome

Answer 47

increased pressure in enclosed area compromising circulation as fascia is unable to stretch