perfusion Flashcards
perfusion definition
flow of blood through arteries and capillaries delivering oxygen to cells that sufficient cardiac output for distribution in to the tissues
ischemia
low O2 within tissues
infarction
prolonged ischemia or sudden complete blockage
hypoxia
lack of O2 delivery to the tissues
hypoxemia
low O2 in the blood
heart flow
deoxygenated blood into vena cava –> right atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonic valve –> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> oxygenated blood through pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> mitral valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta to body
SA node
pacemaker of the body
- 60 to 100 bpm
central perfusion
force of blood movement generated by cardiac output
local perfusion
volume of blood that flows to target tissue
preload
amount of stretch in ventricles at the end of diastole
afterload
how much resistance that the heart is fighting against to get blood to the tissues
ejection fraction
percentage of blood being pushed from left ventricle
hydrostatic BP
pressure of a fluid on the wall of whatever fluid is pressing on it
coronary artery disease
plaque buildup in arteries
- most common is atherosclerosis
angina
changes in vessels causing not enough blood to heart
stable angina
can manage with medds and rest and symptoms will improve
unstable angina
meds and rest will not improve symptoms
Heart failure
inability of ventricles to fill or eject blood
left sided heart failure
congestion will be in lungs
right sided heart failure
congestion will be in tissues
s/s of left sided HF
cough, crackles, wheeze, tachypnea, restless, tachycardia, fatigue, cyanosis
s/s of right sided HF
fatigue, enlarged liver and spleen, peripheral edema, weight gain, distended jugular vein
important diagnostics
cardiac markers, electrolytes, hemoglobin, BNP, CRP, CBC
BNP
objective measure of cardiac function and will increase if heart cant pump effectively
troponin
will be positive if MI is in progress
D-dimer
if elevated it means a clot has formed and is in the process of breaking down
chest x-ray
will tell us if fluid is backed up
management
rest, monitor VS, monitor BNP, O2, meds, respiratory status, I/O, abdominal girth, edema, fluid restriction
digoxin
positive inotrope that strengthens contraction of heart
amlodipine
calcium channel blocker that is a negative inotrope which diminshes contractions and heart rate
nitroglycerin
a positive inotrope and antianginal to dilate arteries to help decrease blood presure and diminish contractions and heart rate
- issue with this is it can drop bp drastically
heparin
anticoagulant that decreases likelihood of making a clot but wont break a clot
TPA
thrombolytic that will break apart a clot
circulatory shock
includes
distributive
- septic
- anaphylactic
- neurogenic
distributive shock
characteristics
loss of blood vessel tone, enlargement of vessel lumen, loss of vascular volume
hypovolemic shock
low blood volume
- decrease in blood volume leads to inadequate filling of vascular compartment and decreased CO
- causes may include hemorrhage, severe dehydration d/t vomitting and diarrhea or low intake
s/s of hypovolemic shock
tachycardia, thirst, vasocinstriction, hypotension, low RR, irritable, altered LOC, edema, hyperglycemia
hypovolemic shock may lead to
lung injury (ARDS), organ failure
cardiogenic shock
low cardiac output
- may be caused by STEMI
s/s of cardiogenic shock
cyanosis, oliguria, change in LOC, low BP
A-fib
atria not contracting regularly causing blood to pool which increases risk of clots
- no p-wave
- asymptomatic until throw clot
A-fib treatment
beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, anticoagulants, antiplatelets
atrial flutter
regular rhyth, but atria but very rapidly and consistently
- saw tooth appearance
- does not allow for atria to relax
ventricular tachycardia
rapid heart rate signaling stemming somewhere else than ventricles causing them to beat fast
- may be pulseless but conscious
- shockable rhythm
ventricular fibrilation
ventricles quivering so not getting good pump of blood out and at a very quick pace
- shockable
- can result in cardiac arrest
compartment syndrome
increased pressure in enclosed area compromising circulation as fascia is unable to stretch
