Glucose regulation Flashcards
extra glucose
stored as glycogen in liver and muscles
formation of ketone metabolites
high lipolysis and some are expected
- can lead to metabolic acidosis
insulin
pancreatic hormone
- promotes storage formation
glucagon
mobilizes stored glucose
- treats hypoglycemia
pancreas
sits on top of colon in mid stomach region
- in charge of insulin production and secretion
liver
right upper quadrant
- stores glucose
hyperglycemia
increased glucose in blood
- may lead to ketonuria, changes in LOC, metabolic acidosis
s/s of hyperglycemia
thirst, polyuria (lots of pee), sweet smelling urine, ketones in urine,
diabetes complications
stroke, heart attack, peripheral artery disease, retinopothy, glaucoma, diabetic foot, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy
DM type 1
genetic or due to infection leading to immune reaction where body cannot produce insulin so glucose levels are high
DM type 2
insulin resistance due to pro-inflammatory state caused by obesity or insufficient production
- pancreatic disease, pregnancy, obesity
rapid acting insulin
used for meal time and bolus
long acting insulin
long term used as a background
- never IV
short acting insulin
for meals, issues with hyperglycemia
intermediate acting insulin
for background replacement
BBIT
basal- long acting insulin
bolus- short or rapid acting insulin at meals
Insulin correction- short/rapid if necessary
Titrate
basal insulin
long acting given in morning
hypoglycemia
shakey, dizzy, nervous, diaphoresis, headache, pale, confusion, tingling, fainting, tachycardia
DKA
insufficient insulin so body breaks down fats and releases ketones
- treat with reg insulin IV, KCL
s/s of DKA
kussmaul breathing, LOC, blood and urine ketones and glucose, fruity breath, metabolic acidosis
ketones
fatty acid breakdown related to insufficient insulin-glucose transport
kussmaul breathing
rapid and deep breathing at consistent pace
peripheral artery disease
narrowing of arteries to legs and feet due to atherosclerosis
- symptoms initiate with movement and decrease with rest
- important to exercise such as walking
s/s of PAD
muscle weakness, smooth shiny skin, decrease or absent pulses in feet, cool extremities