Glucose regulation

Question 1

extra glucose

Answer 1

stored as glycogen in liver and muscles

Question 2

formation of ketone metabolites

Answer 2

high lipolysis and some are expected
- can lead to metabolic acidosis

Question 3

insulin

Answer 3

pancreatic hormone
- promotes storage formation

Question 4

glucagon

Answer 4

mobilizes stored glucose
- treats hypoglycemia

Question 5

pancreas

Answer 5

sits on top of colon in mid stomach region
- in charge of insulin production and secretion

Question 6

liver

Answer 6

right upper quadrant
- stores glucose

Question 7

hyperglycemia

Answer 7

increased glucose in blood
- may lead to ketonuria, changes in LOC, metabolic acidosis

Question 8

s/s of hyperglycemia

Answer 8

thirst, polyuria (lots of pee), sweet smelling urine, ketones in urine,

Question 9

diabetes complications

Answer 9

stroke, heart attack, peripheral artery disease, retinopothy, glaucoma, diabetic foot, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy

Question 10

DM type 1

Answer 10

genetic or due to infection leading to immune reaction where body cannot produce insulin so glucose levels are high

Question 11

DM type 2

Answer 11

insulin resistance due to pro-inflammatory state caused by obesity or insufficient production
- pancreatic disease, pregnancy, obesity

Question 12

rapid acting insulin

Answer 12

used for meal time and bolus

Question 13

long acting insulin

Answer 13

long term used as a background
- never IV

Question 14

short acting insulin

Answer 14

for meals, issues with hyperglycemia

Question 15

intermediate acting insulin

Answer 15

for background replacement

Question 16

BBIT

Answer 16

basal- long acting insulin
bolus- short or rapid acting insulin at meals
Insulin correction- short/rapid if necessary
Titrate

Question 17

basal insulin

Answer 17

long acting given in morning

Question 18

hypoglycemia

Answer 18

shakey, dizzy, nervous, diaphoresis, headache, pale, confusion, tingling, fainting, tachycardia

Question 19

DKA

Answer 19

insufficient insulin so body breaks down fats and releases ketones
- treat with reg insulin IV, KCL

Question 20

s/s of DKA

Answer 20

kussmaul breathing, LOC, blood and urine ketones and glucose, fruity breath, metabolic acidosis

Question 21

ketones

Answer 21

fatty acid breakdown related to insufficient insulin-glucose transport

Question 22

kussmaul breathing

Answer 22

rapid and deep breathing at consistent pace

Question 23

peripheral artery disease

Answer 23

narrowing of arteries to legs and feet due to atherosclerosis
- symptoms initiate with movement and decrease with rest
- important to exercise such as walking

Question 24

s/s of PAD

Answer 24

muscle weakness, smooth shiny skin, decrease or absent pulses in feet, cool extremities

Question 25

diabetic nephropathy

Answer 25

affects kidney removal of waste

Question 26

s/s of nephropathy

Answer 26

high BP, swelling, foamy urine, confusion, SOB, n/v, tired, hyperkalemia

Question 27

peripheral neuropathy

Answer 27

damage to nerve fibers

Question 28

s/s of neuropathy

Answer 28

stabbing/burning pain, sensory issues such as numbness and skin sensitivity,

Question 29

education

Answer 29

decreased fluid intake can cause DKA, never stop taking insulin, gently mix insulin, when insulin not in use should be stored in fridge, once open only good for 30 days, have a snack when increase exercise, if NPO do not give short/rapid and decrease intermediate/long

Question 30

A1C

Answer 30

used to test for DM type 2
- measures sugar in blood over 3 months
- if greater than 6.5% its diabetes

Question 31

DM type 2 education

Answer 31

• emphasis placed on meal planning and exercise
• importance of eye exams
• keep feet dry

Question 32

DM type 1 education

Answer 32

• when having sugar during hypoglycemia avoid high calorie/fat dessert foods