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2 > Perfusion > Flashcards

Perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

Adult heart rate & newborns

A

60-100/min

110-160/min

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2
Q

Adult BP & newborns BP

A

100-130 / 70-90

70/40

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3
Q

Hyper/hypovolemia

A

Too much/little fluid (blood plasma) in the body

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4
Q

Afterload & its affect on CO/BP

A

The resistance to ejecting the blood during ventricular contraction (systole).

Lowering A (w/meds) = increase CO

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5
Q

Preload & its effect on CO

A

The amount of ventricular stretch at the end of filling the ventricle with blood AKA amount of blood.

Increase P (w/isotonic fluids) = increased CO

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6
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 min. CO = HR*SV

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7
Q

Stroke volume

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in each heartbeat

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8
Q

Cardiac Contractility & its effect on CO

A

The strength of the heart’s contraction.

Increasing C (w/meds) = increased CO

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9
Q

Systole/Diastole

A

S: ventricular contraction
D: ventricular filling

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10
Q

Ejection fraction

A

The % of how much blood in the left ventricle is pumped out in each heartbeat. <40% indicates heart failure

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11
Q

Infarction

A

Not ischemia (low blood flow)

The blood is completely cut off, leading to necrosis (death of tissues). Myocardial infarction AKA heart attack= death of the heart due to artery blockage

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12
Q

Pulmonary vascular resistance

A

The resistance against oxygenated blood flow from the 4 pulmonary veins to the left atrium

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13
Q

Telemetry

A

Portable device that tracks heart rhythms (also cardiac monitoring). Telemetry is monitored non-stop by a person

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14
Q

If chest pain… first 2 things to do

A
  1. EKG/ECG
  2. Draw troponin (protein released for ischemia in heart)

Why? To rule out a heart attack

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15
Q

What the first 2 things the body does to compensate for low CO/BP?

A
  1. Increase heart rate
  2. Lower urine output
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16
Q

Perfusion: modifiable risk factors

A

Smoking
Weight/exercise
Chronic diseases: type II diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol

17
Q

Perfusion: non-modifiable risk factors

A

Allergies
Pollution (SDOH)
Post-menopause
Type I diabetes

18
Q

What causes a heart murmur?

A

If the heart valves don’t close fully OR a hole in the heart

19
Q

How do we treat hypovolemia?

A

Fluids!!! (to increase preload)
Meds (to increase contractility & lower afterload)

20
Q

How do we treat hypervolemia?

A

Fluid restrictions (P)
Lifestyle changes (A)
Meds (P & C)

Watch for daily weight and skin breakage from edema

21
Q

Major signs of hypovolemia

A

Hight HR, low BP, low urine
Slow capillary refill (1-3 sec is normal)

Pain, pallor, pulse, parasthesia, porkiothermis, paralysis
Cyanosis, fatigue, dry skin
Dizzy, confused

22
Q

Major signs of hypervolemia

A

High BP, Bounding HR
Rapid water weight gain (2lbs/day or 5lbs/wk)
Nocturia
Respiratory symptoms! crackles

23
Q

What are other signs of perfusion that show up in babies?

A

Feeling an enlarged liver
No tears
Poor feeding (too tired)
Inconsolable
Sweating (v abnormal, heart defect)

24
Q

What lab value should be checked every yr to monitor long-term for cardiovascular disease?

A

Cholesterol

25
Q

Lab: BNP

A

B-natriuretic peptide
Heart stretchs/fluid overload
High BNP = heart failure

26
Q

Lab: CRP

A

C-Reactive Protein
Shows trends in inflammation (maybe jn the heart)

27
Q

Why would you get a chest x-ray for heart?

A

To see if the heart is enlarged (cardiomegaly) AKA fluid overload

28
Q

What causes hypovolemia/low BP?

A

Bleeding, dehydration, meds

29
Q

What causes hypervolemia/high BP?

A

Kidney failure
High cholesterol
Smoking, meds, exercise

30
Q

Pulse pressure

A

Difference between systolic & diastolic pressure. Normal = 40, risk factor is 60+

31
Q

S1 thru s4 heart sounds

A

S1 lub - tricuspid/mitral valves close
S2 dub - pulmonary/aortic valves close
S3 ken/tuck/Y - rapid ventricular filling (head with bell at Apex). Heard in children, fit adults, or pathology
S4 TEN/nes/ssee - blood forced into stiff ventricles. Always pathology, diastolic dysfunction

32
Q

Symptoms of R vs L-side heart failure

A

R= tight (peripheral edema w/low o2 sat)
L= lungs (pulmonary edema & hypervolemia)

33
Q

How much exercise per week is recommended for heart health?

A

2.5hr/week

34
Q

Perfusion: Top 3 Red-Flags

A
  1. Chest pain
  2. Weak/no pulse
  3. Abnormal heart sounds (murmurs, s3, s4)
35
Q

What does BP measure?

A

Pressure in the arteries (not veins)

36
Q

Normal adult/kid urine output

A

Adult: 30mL/hr minimum
Kid: 1-5 mL/Kg/hr

37
Q

If someone has high HR & high BP, what problem would you immediately think of?

A

Hypervolemia

38
Q

If someone has high HR & low BP, what problem would you immediately think of?

A

Hypovolemia

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