Perfusion Flashcards
Adult heart rate & newborns
60-100/min
110-160/min
Adult BP & newborns BP
100-130 / 70-90
70/40
Hyper/hypovolemia
Too much/little fluid (blood plasma) in the body
Afterload & its affect on CO/BP
The resistance to ejecting the blood during ventricular contraction (systole).
Lowering A (w/meds) = increase CO
Preload & its effect on CO
The amount of ventricular stretch at the end of filling the ventricle with blood AKA amount of blood.
Increase P (w/isotonic fluids) = increased CO
Cardiac output
The amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 min. CO = HR*SV
Stroke volume
Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in each heartbeat
Cardiac Contractility & its effect on CO
The strength of the heart’s contraction.
Increasing C (w/meds) = increased CO
Systole/Diastole
S: ventricular contraction
D: ventricular filling
Ejection fraction
The % of how much blood in the left ventricle is pumped out in each heartbeat. <40% indicates heart failure
Infarction
Not ischemia (low blood flow)
The blood is completely cut off, leading to necrosis (death of tissues). Myocardial infarction AKA heart attack= death of the heart due to artery blockage
Pulmonary vascular resistance
The resistance against oxygenated blood flow from the 4 pulmonary veins to the left atrium
Telemetry
Portable device that tracks heart rhythms (also cardiac monitoring). Telemetry is monitored non-stop by a person
If chest pain… first 2 things to do
- EKG/ECG
- Draw troponin (protein released for ischemia in heart)
Why? To rule out a heart attack
What the first 2 things the body does to compensate for low CO/BP?
- Increase heart rate
- Lower urine output
Perfusion: modifiable risk factors
Smoking
Weight/exercise
Chronic diseases: type II diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol
Perfusion: non-modifiable risk factors
Allergies
Pollution (SDOH)
Post-menopause
Type I diabetes
What causes a heart murmur?
If the heart valves don’t close fully OR a hole in the heart
How do we treat hypovolemia?
Fluids!!! (to increase preload)
Meds (to increase contractility & lower afterload)
How do we treat hypervolemia?
Fluid restrictions (P)
Lifestyle changes (A)
Meds (P & C)
Watch for daily weight and skin breakage from edema
Major signs of hypovolemia
Hight HR, low BP, low urine
Slow capillary refill (1-3 sec is normal)
Pain, pallor, pulse, parasthesia, porkiothermis, paralysis
Cyanosis, fatigue, dry skin
Dizzy, confused
Major signs of hypervolemia
High BP, Bounding HR
Rapid water weight gain (2lbs/day or 5lbs/wk)
Nocturia
Respiratory symptoms! crackles
What are other signs of perfusion that show up in babies?
Feeling an enlarged liver
No tears
Poor feeding (too tired)
Inconsolable
Sweating (v abnormal, heart defect)
What lab value should be checked every yr to monitor long-term for cardiovascular disease?
Cholesterol
