Performance enhancing drugs

Question 1

6 categories of PEDs

Answer 1

stimulants
pain killers
blood doping
B agonists
B blockers
AAS and hormones

Question 2

AAS

Answer 2

anabolic/androgenic steroids
based off testosterone steroid nucleus
altered to enhance muscle building

Question 3

type 1 AAS

Answer 3

esters
prolonged half-lives
hydrolyzed to testosterone
aromatized to estrogens by aromatase

Question 4

type 2 AAS

Answer 4

19-nor-testosterone (nandrolone) derivatives
prolonged half-lives
reduced androgenic effects
80% less aromatization compared to type 1

Question 5

type 3 AAS

Answer 5

17a-alkyl derivatives
greatly reduced liver metabolism
not converted to estrogen
increased anabolic effects

best for building muscles

Question 6

administration

Answer 6

pyramiding
stacking
cycling

Question 7

pyramiding

Answer 7

increasing dose followed by decreasing dose

Question 8

stacking

Answer 8

using multiple steroids

Question 9

cycling

Answer 9

alternating periods of use
co-ordinated with training or testing schedules

Question 10

absorption

Answer 10

injection IM
ingestion
topical

Question 11

distribution

Answer 11

lipophilic
rapid
muscle
widespread

Question 12

metabolism

Answer 12

liver
first-pass metabolism
low bioavailability

Question 13

excretion

Answer 13

kidney = 90%
other 10% in GI tract

Question 14

physiology

Answer 14

sex steroids determine male and female differences
production in reproductive tissues stimulated by FSH/LH from anterior pituitary

Question 15

5a-reductase

Answer 15

converts testosterone to DHT

Question 16

aromatase

Answer 16

converts testosterone to estrogen
rate-limiting step for estrogen production

Question 17

negative feedback

Answer 17

controls levels → cyclical

Question 18

mechanism of action

Answer 18

anabolic steroids bind androgen receptor
drug-receptor complexes translocate to nucleus → bind specific DNA sequences
activates gene transcription mRNA production → make new protein

Question 19

stem cell differentiation

Answer 19

steroids shift stem cells away from adipose and towards muscle cell differentiation

Question 20

mechanism of reinforcement

Answer 20

euphoria
from increased beta-endorphin levels → decrease GABA release onto VTA DA-ergic neurons

steroids modulate GABAA receptors → DA-ergic mesolimbic neurons increase firing rate

Question 21

animal models

Answer 21

with AAS
showed increased number of myonuclei; increased muscle fiber cross-sectional area

Question 22

cellular memory

Answer 22

allows rapid muscle building after period of inactivity
more pronounced cross sectional analysis after 11 week break in steroid treated animals

Question 23

trenbolone

Answer 23

19-nor derivative of testosterone
higher affinity for androgen receptors
not a substrate for 5a-reductase, or aromatase
induces myotrophic effects without unwanted effects

Question 24

MuRF1

Answer 24

atrophic gene
expression reduced by trenbolone

Question 25

IGF-1

Answer 25

anabolic gene expression increased by trenbolone

Question 26

tolerance

Answer 26

develops after single dose presence of steroids inhibits their own production (neg feedback)

Question 27

withdrawal

Answer 27

depression + mood swings fatigue, headache insomnia, lack of energy no appetite body dissatisfaction

Question 28

dependence

Answer 28

30% of users more likely at higher doses psychological - cycle length

Question 29

long term health risks

Answer 29

steroid receptors are present in multiple tissues → activation of other genes leads to unwanted, dangerous side effects hypogonadism masculinization gynecomastia

Question 30

heart risk

Answer 30

increased blood pressure cholesterol heart abnormalities

Question 31

roid rage

Answer 31

increased aggression, anger, rage psychosis and depression GABAa, NMDA, and 5HT receptors can bind endogenous neurosteroids

Question 32

anterior hypothalamus

Answer 32

aggression centre activation of D2 in AH → aggression + violence moderate doses in adolescence increases D2 expression

Question 33

arginine vasopressin

Answer 33

excitatory potentiates aggression enhanced by steroid exposure

Question 34

5HT

Answer 34

inhibitory decreases aggression reduced by steroid exposure

Question 35

chronic nandrolone

Answer 35

increases aggression in mice reduces 5HT receptor mRNA in PFC, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

Question 36

BDNF

Answer 36

brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels stimulates neuronal growth in hippocampus reduction due to abuse → correlates with depressed behaviours

Question 37

CHLO treatment

Answer 37

chlorimipraminie antidepressant reverses BDNF reduction

Question 38

testing

Answer 38

urine - test for known metabolites HPLC, ELISA, GC-MS

Question 39

assays

Answer 39

chemical and immunoassays

Question 40

chemical haptenation

Answer 40

small molecule that binds a macromolecule to produce an immune reaction