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Pmcol 305 > Neurotransmitters and receptors > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters and receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Dopamine

A

catecholamine
primary driver of reward circuit
VTA → NAC (second phase)

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2
Q

Glutamate

A

amino acid
major role in cue-triggered relapse
LTP/LTD plasticity

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3
Q

GABA

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitter
central to disinhibitory mechanisms of reward

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4
Q

Norepinephrine

A

catecholamine
major source of NE projections in the brain from the locus coeruleus
big role in stress-induced relapse

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5
Q

Acetylcholine

A

receptors on VTA dopaminergic neurons
central to learning and memory in hippocampus and PFC circuits in neocortex and striatum

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6
Q

Serotonin

A

5-HT
monoamine indole
major source is the raphe nuclei
link between low 5HT and impulsivity + violence in addicts

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7
Q

catecholamine

A

neurons with similar structures
dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline

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8
Q

monoamine indole

A

monoamines are a class of neurons with similar structure - dopamine, NE, 5-HT
serotonin has an indole ring; slightly varied structure

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9
Q

hedonic tone

A

tonic dopamine release
baseline level of dopamine being released

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10
Q

microdialysis

A

thin electrode placed on brain tissue
measure neurotransmitter levels in specific nuclei directly - single synapse

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11
Q

self-administration

A

controlling own administration of drug
used in experiments of animal behaviour and addiction
via instrumental behaviour

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12
Q

conditioned place preference

A

pairing an environment with stimulation of VTA dopaminergic projections → immediate place preference that persists for several days
time spent in paired environment = representative of drug-seeking behaviour

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13
Q

extinction

A

loss of drug seeking/taking behaviours
produced by antagonists

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14
Q

LTD

A

long term depression
weakening of synaptic transmission between two neurons

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15
Q

LTP

A

long term potentiation
strengthening of synaptic transmission between two neurons downstream of receptors

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16
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

ligand-gated channels through which ions pass in response to a neurotransmitter

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17
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

GPCRs
require G proteins and second messengers to indirectly modulate ionic activity in neurons

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18
Q

specificity

A

sites of LTP are confined to specific contact sites where transmission is occurring

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19
Q

associativity

A

strong stimulation through one pathway will induce LTP for weak pathways at the same site

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20
Q

cooperativity

A

many weak stimuli can induce LTP
threshold effect
constructive interference

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21
Q

persistence

A

potentiation lasts minutes, weeks, months; unique to LTP
dependent on drug, signaling, and adaptations the neurons undergo

22
Q

sympathomimetic

A

response to stimulant drugs mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system - increased heart rate, blood pressure, temperature

23
Q

reward circuit

A
  1. descencing glutamatergic pathway to VTA
  2. ascending dopaminergic VTA pathway to NAc
  3. GABA-ergic NAc pathway to ventral pallidum
24
Q

dopamine receptors

A

5 genes (DRD1-5)
GPCRs

25
D1-like type dopamine receptors
D1 and D5 coupled to Gs - stimulatory G protein increases cytoplasmic cAMP via adenylyl cyclase
26
D2-like type dopamine receptors
D2, D3, D4 coupled to Gi - inhibitory G protein decreases cytoplasmic cAMP via adenylyl cyclase
27
measure of addictiveness
effort exerted to self-administer is related to degree of reward experienced - reinforcing
28
tonic and phasic dopamine levels
tonic level: steady state, hedonic tone phasic level: erratic, clustering of dopamine release addictive drugs induce phasic dopamine firing in the NAc
29
vehicle
solvent used to dissolve drug control
30
antagonist
interrupt signaling dopamine antagonists are negative reinforcers that enhance behaviours to reduce administration - shift back to control
31
in vivo synaptic transmission of dopamine release in NAc via microdialysis
1. the first dose results in 200% increase in tonic extracellular level 2. extracellular dopamine levels fluctuate between 200-300% over baseline 3. each low point in the fluctuating dopamine level predicts the next self-administered dose - craving
32
tolerance
leads to lowered elevation of hedonic tone during chronic use causes addicts to use higher and higher doses to restore homeostatic dopamine levels
33
withdrawal
causes reduction in hedonic dopamine tone = dysphoric state physical symptoms: cramps, diarrhea, pain
34
sensitization
reverse tolerance enhanced activity
35
pro reward system
repeated opioid activity causes decrease in pro reward at same dose, decreased dopamine release
36
anti reward system
repeated opioid activity causes increase in anti reward
37
AMPA receptor
ionotropic form tetramers undergo chemical modifications to trigger intracellular signaling cascades major role in long term depression 4 genes (GluA1-4) fast excitatory transmission
38
NMDA receptors
7 genes (1 GluN1, 4 GluN2, 2 GluN3) ionotropic co-activated by Glu and Ser/Gly subunits form heterotetramers - 2 GluN1 and 2 GluN2 critical for synaptic plasticity - LTP/LTD Ca2+ dependent signaling
39
Glutamate receptors
mGlu-R metabotropic GPCRs (group C) 8 genes (GRM1-8); each gene encodes a receptor - mGluR7A involved in synaptic plasticity
40
Group I mGlu-R
Gq-linked increase excitotoxicity risk
41
excitotoxicity
cell death by too much glutamate - over activation
42
Group II/III mGlu-R
Gi/o-linked decrease excitotoxicity risk
43
mGluR3
expressed in nucleus accumbens
44
mGluR7
expressed in hippocampus, amygdala, and locus coeruleus
45
NMDAR
expressed in hippocampus
46
dopamine prediction error hypothesis of addiction
phasic firing of VTA dopaminergic neurons generates a learning signal when an unexpected reward occurs → promotes learning so the reward can be obtained again once the reward becomes fully predictable, dopaminergic neurons are no longer triggered neuroplasticity: shift from reward- to goal-seeking
47
NE innervation
in locus coeruleus activates sympathetic responses major role in stress-induced drug relapse
48
5-HT receptors
triggered by hallucinogens and entactogenic drugs less addictive drugs bi-synaptic 5-HT inputs to the VTA and NAc from the raphe nuclei
49
acetylcholine activation
parasympathetic responses learning and memory circuits in hippocampus
50
nicotinic ACh receptors
display several isoforms with brain region-specific expression including on VTA dopaminergic neurons which underlies addiction to nicotine
51
drugs are pleiotropic
cause multiple physiological effects

Pmcol 305 (18 decks)

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