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Pmcol 305 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Pleiotropic

A

multiphasic effects from a given drug
drugs have more than one receptor that might be triggered and may cause multiple effects

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2
Q

Drug effects depend on

A

the individual (genetic differences)
amount taken (addicts take higher amounts as they develop tolerance)
history (past use)
expectation (mindset can preset how much dopamine the brain releases)

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3
Q

Drug vs Narcotic

A

Narcotic: sedation, numb
same meaning but colloquially, refers to hard drugs

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4
Q

Drug

A

Exogenously administered chemical
not used for sustenance
Main effect is psychoactive: distributes into brain to trigger effects

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5
Q

Levels of observation of drug abuse

A

Individual + Behavioural effects
Tissues + physiological effects
Cellular effects
Molecular effects

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6
Q

Source of drugs

A

Natural (plants)
Synthetic (OTC rx)

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7
Q

Alkaloids

A

(contain Nitrogen)
morphine, nicotine, hallucinogens, terpenes

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8
Q

Non-Alkaloids

A

steroids, cannabinoids, flavanoids, terpenes

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9
Q

Modern drug policies

A

product of prohibitionist past and counter-culture movements

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10
Q

Nicotine as a pesticide

A

nicotinic receptors are similar targets in insects that lead to death by paralysis

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11
Q

Prohibition Era

A

banning of alcohol sales and production

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12
Q

Cannabis Legalization

A

2018 Cannabis Act (CAN)

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13
Q

Drug Schedules

A

Lists of drugs that have various penalties associated for legal dealings
1 is the most potentially addictive, decreases to 6-10

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14
Q

Use, Misuse, and Abuse

A

Using drugs like opioids, benzodiazepines, and amphetamine-like drugs for euphoria rather than their intended use is misuse

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15
Q

Drug Abuse

A

Misuse of drugs can lead to substance use disorders (SUD)

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16
Q

Substance Use Disorders

A

impaired control
social impairment
risky use
pharmacological indicators (tolerance + withdrawal)

17
Q

Addiction

A

pervasive form of dependence
continued compulsive consequential out of control use and craving (5 C’s)

18
Q

Why do people abuse?

A
  1. curiosity
  2. self-medicate
  3. coping
  4. self-exploration
  5. enhanced performance
  6. foster belonging, bonding
  7. recreation, pleasure
  8. unintentional, problematic use
19
Q

DSM-5

A

addiction is called substance use disorder
meet 2 of:
hazardous use, social problems, neglected major roles, withdrawal, tolerance, used larger amounts/longer, repeated attempts to quit/control, much time spend using, physical/psychological problems, activities given up, craving

20
Q

Drugs of abuse must be

A

psychoactive - distributed to brain in sufficient concentrations to activate dopamine ‘reward’ circuit in the brain, resulting in euphoria and pleasure

21
Q

Absorption

A

route of administration

22
Q

Distribution

A

bioavailability + storage

23
Q

Metabolism

A

CYP enzymes, most often in liver

24
Q

Excretion

A

by kidneys

25
Q

Neurotransmission

A
  1. storage of neurotransmitter
  2. action potential
  3. influx of Ca2+ into terminal
  4. exocytic release of neurotransmitter
  5. binding to post-synaptic receptor
  6. triggering of post-synaptic cell
  7. reuptake or extracellular degradation of neurotransmitters (shut off signaling cascade)
26
Q

Process of Addiction

A

reinforcement → tolerance → withdrawal → dependence → addiction

27
Q

Tolerance

A

taking more and more drug without feeling the effects or needing more drug to feel the same effect

28
Q

Withdrawal

A

due to tolerance/dependence adaptations - neurons change their biology to restore homeostasis
typically opposite of drug effects (ex. depressant withdrawal leads to twitches, anxiety)

29
Q

Dependence

A

physical or psychological symptoms when drug is absent
or inability to function normally without drug
body overcompensates through adaptations - tipped the opposite way when absence of drug

30
Q

Stimulant example of tolerance

A

Stimulates enhanced release of neurotransmitters, leads to over-firing of post synaptic receptor = more activation; decreased expression of receptors reduced activity to normal level
Normal amout of neurotransmitter causes reduced post synaptic firing = drop in neuronal activity → withdrawal

31
Q

Sedative example of tolerance

A

Sedation causes reduced neuronal activity = less neurotransmitters released and reduced firing → increased expression of receptors to maintain normal signal
When no depressant is present, normal neurotransmitter levels cause elevated activity in post synaptic cell

32
Q

Receptor expression

A

cells react and change to restore normal function
different tissues adapt at different rates

Pmcol 305 (18 decks)

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