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Pmcol 305 > Cannabis > Flashcards

Cannabis Flashcards

1
Q

emergent view

A

only one lineage
produces cannabis phytocannabinoid chemotypes
e.g. TCH and CBD + others
experience is chemical-dependent

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2
Q

cultivars

A

‘strains’
sativa
indica
ruderalis

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3
Q

synthesis

A

phytocannabinoids, terpenes, etc. are synthesized in heads = produced in trichomes

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4
Q

cannabis extraction

A

solvent or solvent-less
super-critical
goal: high purity or a single isolated compound

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5
Q

forms of cannabis

A

flower
pre-rolls
extracts
oil
soft gels
topicals
vapes
beverages
edibles

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6
Q

calculation of THC%

A

% is mg per g (1/1000)
15% = 150mg / 1g = 150/1000mg = 0.15
THC vs total THC (THC + THCA) per unit

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7
Q

chemical composition

A

psychoactive, non-psychoactive, synthetic
most are in acid forms in plant
THC acid; CBD acid

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8
Q

THC acid

A

psychoactive

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9
Q

CBD acid

A

anti oxidant
anti convulsant
anti inflammatory
anti anxiety
anti psychotic
neuro protective

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10
Q

CBG + THCV

A

CBG: precursor to other cannabinoids; individual effects in vitro
THCV: ‘metabolic reset’ - Ozempic

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11
Q

cultivar selection

A

personalize
tailor therapeutic effect to the disease + individual

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12
Q

medical cannabinoid

A

only CBD

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13
Q

administration

A

to optimize absorption: THCA → THC by heat or pressure (decarboxylation)

inhalation, ingestion, oral - sublingual, topical

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14
Q

smoke

A

solid/liquid particulates and gases created during combustion
similar levels of tar, CO, acetaldehyde, etc. as seen in cigarettes
poorer filtration of cannabis = more irritation

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15
Q

risks of inhalation

A

increased risk of chronic cough, bronchitis
no link to lung cancer or COPD

combustion/pyrolysis generates carcinogens (O2 + high temp)

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16
Q

ingestion

A

slower onset of effect
less predictability of action
more user control

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17
Q

distribution

A

THC is fat-soluble (lipophilic) → easily crosses BBB

brain, liver
peak effects 15-60 min
TI > 1000

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18
Q

metabolism

A

CYP450 system - liver
long half-lives
duration: 2-12 hrs
metabolites can stay in body for days or weeks

first pass metabolite - 11-hydroxy-9-THC

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19
Q

absorption - inhalation

A

10-15 sec onset
22% bioavailability

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20
Q

absorption - ingestion

A

45-60 min onset
10% bioavailability

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21
Q

absorption - oral

A

20-45 min onset

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22
Q

excretion

A

kidney

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23
Q

endogenous CBR ligands

A

arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA)
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)

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24
Q

CB1 receptors

A

expressed in CNS, eye, pancreas, liver, skin, uterus, testes
= widely

Gi/o linked

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25
CB2 receptors
expressed in immune cells, spleen, tonsils Gi/o linked
26
acute effects in brain
affect appetite, sex, and sleep inhibited memory encoding + retrieval impaired coordination analgesia
27
behavioural + psychological acute effects
euphoria relaxation lethargy
28
physiological mechanisms
pleasure, reward, enhanced perceptions high CB1 expression in hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, cortex stimulant = sympathomimetic effects eye vessel dilation = red, bloodshot eyes
29
analgesia
CB1- mediated blockage of pain neurotransmission
30
CB1 in hypothalamus
energy metabolism, increased appetite + thirst sex drive, sperm production, fertilization, implantation, fetal development + suckling in newborns modulates DA + 5HT release
31
cellular mechanisms of action
retrograde signaling cannabinoids modulate the release of other NTs
32
targets
CB1/2 transient receptor potential cation channels (TRPV1/2) 5HT 2 subtype
33
TRPV1/2
Na+/Ca2+ channels = depolarizing pleiotropic signaling → multiple downstream target effects
34
tolerance
regular use → metabolic, cellular, + behavioural faster metabolism reduced CB1 receptor expression reduced high, hypothermic, cardiovascular, analgesic, locomotor, and immune effects
35
withdrawal
mild burn out (lethargy + apathy) not severe chronic users will retain higher levels of residual metabolites → ease withdrawal
36
dependence
limited, slight psychological less addictive
37
acute adverse effects
green out higher THC impairs learning, memory, concentration via hippocampal effects; inhibits LTP psychosis anxiety, paranoia heart rhythm complications pesticide contamination
38
green out
vomiting, nausea, complicated 5HT signaling anti-5HT effects can account for anti-emetic activity vs chemo
39
overdose
nope very low risk compared to alcohol or tobacco 4g of orally administered THC is lethal (2.67g smoked) [a lot]
40
driving under the influence
decreased attention, reaction time, hand-eye coordination, and concentration affects automated tasks relative to attention tasks doubles risk of accident synergistic effect when combined with alcohol stoned drivers may be defensive drivers
41
long term health risks
increased risk of chronic cough, bronchitis reproductive risks reversible effects
41
gateway drug hypothesis
younger teens are when they first use substances, the more often they use and the more likely they are to use other drugs ~untrue~
42
vaping
delivers de-carbed chemicals without burning THC vaporizes at 157 C select the chemical composition of vape smoke by controlling temp
43
volcano administration
similar THC delivery smoking but reduced CO delivery (vaping)
44
entourage effect
chemical interactions with receptors enhance each other's effects potential additive effect
45
mechanism of reinforcement
increases DA levels in rats 2x CB1-mediated inhibition of GABA release in VTA [disinhibition of DAergic VTA → NAc neurons] striatal dopamine release → link to schizophrenia
46
8 mg of THC inhaled
raises DA levels 136% 45-85 min post administration (humans) 10mg oral → no measurable DA increase (kinetics)
47
bloodshot eyes
NE causes narrowing of blood vessels AEA relaxes blood vessels AEA is dependent on CB1 receptor + NO CBD induces relaxation of arteries
48
munchies
result from hunger signaling increased smell, olfaction sensitivity increased pleasure when eating → induces DA release anterior olfactory nucleus + piriform cortex = centrifugal glutamatergic input to main olfactory bulb cortical feedback projections to olfactory bulb regulate food intake via CB1 signaling
49
hunger signling
olfactory afferent information from bipolar mitral neurons in olfactory bulb inhibitory GABA ergic interneurons project to mitral neuron soma glutamatergic neuron expressing CB1 presynaptic receptors triggers inhibitory GABAergic interneurons in main olfactory bulb
50
enhanced olfactory sensitivity
glutamatergic inputs trigger GABAergic firing sets baseline mitral afferent firing to the brain endocannabinoids naturally reduce GABAergic internuron firing leading to increased transmission through mitral cells dishinhibition of mitral neurons and increased afferent inputs to the brain hypersensitizes smell
51
gene/protein knockouts
study a physiological (in vivo) process
52
pro-appetite effects
increased olfactory sensitivity triggers feeding greater pleasure from food appetite-related hormones are modulated by cannabinoids
53
nausea + vomiting
primary signal is 5HT3R-mediated in medulla by afferent input from gut
54
anti-emetic activity
THC inhibits 5HT release in medulla via presynaptic CB1 THC binds and decreases activity of 5HT3 receptors CBD is an agonist at 5HT1A autoreceptors → prevents 5HT release + antagonizes 5HT3R
55
spice, K2 synthetic cannabis
contamination with toxins (rat poison) causes severe bleeding
56
cannabinoid detection/testing
colourimetric - ELISA or dipsticks immunoassays, lateral flow gas chromatography mass spectrometry
57
cancer
cannabinoids may protect cells from oxidative stress
58
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Pmcol 305 (18 decks)

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