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Pmcol 305 > Cannabis > Flashcards

Cannabis Flashcards

1
Q

emergent view

A

only one lineage
produces cannabis phytocannabinoid chemotypes
e.g. TCH and CBD + others
experience is chemical-dependent

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2
Q

cultivars

A

‘strains’
sativa
indica
ruderalis

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3
Q

synthesis

A

phytocannabinoids, terpenes, etc. are synthesized in heads = produced in trichomes

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4
Q

cannabis extraction

A

solvent or solvent-less
super-critical
goal: high purity or a single isolated compound

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5
Q

forms of cannabis

A

flower
pre-rolls
extracts
oil
soft gels
topicals
vapes
beverages
edibles

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6
Q

calculation of THC%

A

% is mg per g (1/1000)
15% = 150mg / 1g = 150/1000mg = 0.15
THC vs total THC (THC + THCA) per unit

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7
Q

chemical composition

A

psychoactive, non-psychoactive, synthetic
most are in acid forms in plant
THC acid; CBD acid

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8
Q

THC acid

A

psychoactive

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9
Q

CBD acid

A

anti oxidant
anti convulsant
anti inflammatory
anti anxiety
anti psychotic
neuro protective

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10
Q

CBG + THCV

A

CBG: precursor to other cannabinoids; individual effects in vitro
THCV: ‘metabolic reset’ - Ozempic

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11
Q

cultivar selection

A

personalize
tailor therapeutic effect to the disease + individual

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12
Q

medical cannabinoid

A

only CBD

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13
Q

administration

A

to optimize absorption: THCA → THC by heat or pressure (decarboxylation)

inhalation, ingestion, oral - sublingual, topical

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14
Q

smoke

A

solid/liquid particulates and gases created during combustion
similar levels of tar, CO, acetaldehyde, etc. as seen in cigarettes
poorer filtration of cannabis = more irritation

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15
Q

risks of inhalation

A

increased risk of chronic cough, bronchitis
no link to lung cancer or COPD

combustion/pyrolysis generates carcinogens (O2 + high temp)

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16
Q

ingestion

A

slower onset of effect
less predictability of action
more user control

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17
Q

distribution

A

THC is fat-soluble (lipophilic) → easily crosses BBB

brain, liver
peak effects 15-60 min
TI > 1000

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18
Q

metabolism

A

CYP450 system - liver
long half-lives
duration: 2-12 hrs
metabolites can stay in body for days or weeks

first pass metabolite - 11-hydroxy-9-THC

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19
Q

absorption - inhalation

A

10-15 sec onset
22% bioavailability

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20
Q

absorption - ingestion

A

45-60 min onset
10% bioavailability

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21
Q

absorption - oral

A

20-45 min onset

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22
Q

excretion

A

kidney

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23
Q

endogenous CBR ligands

A

arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA)
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)

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24
Q

CB1 receptors

A

expressed in CNS, eye, pancreas, liver, skin, uterus, testes
= widely

Gi/o linked

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25
Q

CB2 receptors

A

expressed in immune cells, spleen, tonsils

Gi/o linked

26
Q

acute effects in brain

A

affect appetite, sex, and sleep
inhibited memory encoding + retrieval
impaired coordination
analgesia

27
Q

behavioural + psychological acute effects

A

euphoria
relaxation
lethargy

28
Q

physiological mechanisms

A

pleasure, reward, enhanced perceptions

high CB1 expression in hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, cortex

stimulant = sympathomimetic effects
eye vessel dilation = red, bloodshot eyes

29
Q

analgesia

A

CB1- mediated blockage of pain neurotransmission

30
Q

CB1 in hypothalamus

A

energy metabolism, increased appetite + thirst
sex drive, sperm production, fertilization, implantation, fetal development + suckling in newborns

modulates DA + 5HT release

31
Q

cellular mechanisms of action

A

retrograde signaling
cannabinoids modulate the release of other NTs

32
Q

targets

A

CB1/2
transient receptor potential cation channels (TRPV1/2)
5HT 2 subtype

33
Q

TRPV1/2

A

Na+/Ca2+ channels = depolarizing
pleiotropic signaling → multiple downstream target effects

34
Q

tolerance

A

regular use → metabolic, cellular, + behavioural
faster metabolism
reduced CB1 receptor expression
reduced high, hypothermic, cardiovascular, analgesic, locomotor, and immune effects

35
Q

withdrawal

A

mild burn out (lethargy + apathy)
not severe

chronic users will retain higher levels of residual metabolites → ease withdrawal

36
Q

dependence

A

limited, slight psychological
less addictive

37
Q

acute adverse effects

A

green out
higher THC impairs learning, memory, concentration via hippocampal effects; inhibits LTP
psychosis

anxiety, paranoia
heart rhythm complications
pesticide contamination

38
Q

green out

A

vomiting, nausea, complicated 5HT signaling

anti-5HT effects can account for anti-emetic activity vs chemo

39
Q

overdose

A

nope
very low risk compared to alcohol or tobacco
4g of orally administered THC is lethal (2.67g smoked)
[a lot]

40
Q

driving under the influence

A

decreased attention, reaction time, hand-eye coordination, and concentration
affects automated tasks relative to attention tasks
doubles risk of accident
synergistic effect when combined with alcohol

stoned drivers may be defensive drivers

41
Q

long term health risks

A

increased risk of chronic cough, bronchitis
reproductive risks
reversible effects

41
Q

gateway drug hypothesis

A

younger teens are when they first use substances, the more often they use and the more likely they are to use other drugs

~untrue~

42
Q

vaping

A

delivers de-carbed chemicals without burning
THC vaporizes at 157 C
select the chemical composition of vape smoke by controlling temp

43
Q

volcano administration

A

similar THC delivery smoking but reduced CO delivery
(vaping)

44
Q

entourage effect

A

chemical interactions with receptors enhance each other’s effects
potential additive effect

45
Q

mechanism of reinforcement

A

increases DA levels in rats 2x
CB1-mediated inhibition of GABA release in VTA [disinhibition of DAergic VTA → NAc neurons]

striatal dopamine release → link to schizophrenia

46
Q

8 mg of THC inhaled

A

raises DA levels 136% 45-85 min post administration
(humans)

10mg oral → no measurable DA increase (kinetics)

47
Q

bloodshot eyes

A

NE causes narrowing of blood vessels
AEA relaxes blood vessels
AEA is dependent on CB1 receptor + NO
CBD induces relaxation of arteries

48
Q

munchies

A

result from hunger signaling
increased smell, olfaction sensitivity
increased pleasure when eating → induces DA release

anterior olfactory nucleus + piriform cortex = centrifugal glutamatergic input to main olfactory bulb
cortical feedback projections to olfactory bulb regulate food intake via CB1 signaling

49
Q

hunger signling

A

olfactory afferent information from bipolar mitral neurons in olfactory bulb
inhibitory GABA ergic interneurons project to mitral neuron soma
glutamatergic neuron expressing CB1 presynaptic receptors triggers inhibitory GABAergic interneurons in main olfactory bulb

50
Q

enhanced olfactory sensitivity

A

glutamatergic inputs trigger GABAergic firing
sets baseline mitral afferent firing to the brain
endocannabinoids naturally reduce GABAergic internuron firing leading to increased transmission through mitral cells
dishinhibition of mitral neurons and increased afferent inputs to the brain hypersensitizes smell

51
Q

gene/protein knockouts

A

study a physiological (in vivo) process

52
Q

pro-appetite effects

A

increased olfactory sensitivity triggers feeding
greater pleasure from food
appetite-related hormones are modulated by cannabinoids

53
Q

nausea + vomiting

A

primary signal is 5HT3R-mediated in medulla by afferent input from gut

54
Q

anti-emetic activity

A

THC inhibits 5HT release in medulla via presynaptic CB1
THC binds and decreases activity of 5HT3 receptors
CBD is an agonist at 5HT1A autoreceptors → prevents 5HT release + antagonizes 5HT3R

55
Q

spice, K2 synthetic cannabis

A

contamination with toxins (rat poison) causes severe bleeding

56
Q

cannabinoid detection/testing

A

colourimetric - ELISA or dipsticks
immunoassays, lateral flow
gas chromatography mass spectrometry

57
Q

cancer

A

cannabinoids may protect cells from oxidative stress

58
Q
A
59
Q
A

Pmcol 305 (18 decks)

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