Perfectionism

Question 1

What is Perfectionism?

Answer 1

It is a personality trait which permeates all aspects of life (e.g. school, work etc.)

Question 2

How is Perfectionism characterised?

Answer 2

Perfectionism is characterised by excessively high-personal standards and overly critical self-evaluations (Frost et al., 1990)

Question 3

Define Perfectionistic Strivings:

Answer 3

aspects of perfectionism associated with self‐oriented striving for
perfection and the setting of very high personal performance
standards
Gotwals et al. (2012, p. 264)

Question 4

Define Perfectionistic Concerns

Answer 4

aspects associated with concerns over making mistakes, fear of
negative social evaluation, and negative reactions to
imperfection
Gotwals et al. (2012, p. 264)

Question 5

Name 3 approaches to Studying Perfectionism in Sport

Answer 5

1. Independent Effects Approach
2. Tripartite Model of Perfectionism
3. The 2 x 2 Model of Perfectionism

Question 6

Describe the Independent Effects Approach (IEA)

Answer 6

The IEA considers perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns separately. It allows you to consider one, whilst controlling for the other.

Question 7

Who suggested the IEA?

Answer 7

Jowett et al. (2016)

Question 8

What did Jowett et al. (2016) find after their review of 70 studies?

Answer 8

They found that perfectionistic concerns were related to problematic traits, but the perfectionistic strivings were adapative.

Question 9

Who suggested the Tripartate model of perfectionism?

Answer 9

Stoeber & Otto, (2006)

Question 10

State the 3 orientations of the tripartate model of perfectionism

Answer 10

Healthy Perfectionism
Non-Perfectionism
Unhealthy Perfectionism

Question 11

Define healthy perfectionism

Answer 11

Healthy perfectionism is defined by high levels on perfectionistic strivings combined with low levels on perfectionistic concerns

Question 12

Define non-perfectionism

Answer 12

Non-perfectionism is defined by low levels on perfectionistic strivings and undifferentiated levels of perfectionistic concerns

Question 13

Define unhealthy perfectionism

Answer 13

Unhealthy perfectionism is defined by high levels of both perfectionistic concerns and strivings

Question 14

Name a study which supports the Tripartate model of perfectionism

Answer 14

Sapieja et al. (2011)

Question 15

What did Sapieja et al. (2011) do?

Answer 15

194 athletes filled ou the Sport-MPS-2 questionnaire

Question 16

What did Sapieja et al. (2011) find?

Answer 16

Cluster analysis, had identified 3 profiled: Unhealthy perfectionists, healthy perfectionists, and non-perfectionists, showing evidence of the 3 orientations’ existence.

Question 17

Who suggested the 2x2 model of perfectionism

Answer 17

Gaudreau & Thompson (2010)

Question 18

What did the 2 x 2 model of perfectionism (Gaudreau & Thompson, 2010) suggest?

Answer 18

The model that gaudreau and thompson (2010) went against the Tripartite model of perfectionism, and suggested not 3, but 4 subtypes of perfectionism.

Question 19

What are the 4 subtypes of perfectionism in the 2 x 2 model of perfectionism

Answer 19

> Non-Perfectionism
Pure Evaluative Concerns Perfectionism (ECP)
Pure Personal Standards Perfectionism (PSP)
Mixed Perfectionism

Question 20

How does the 2 x 2 model of perfectionism differentiate from the Tripartite model of perfectionism

Answer 20

This differentiation, however, is central to the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism because
the model hypothesizes that the most maladaptive combination of ECP and PSP is pure ECP
(high ECP, low PSP), and not what the tripartite model regards as unhealthy or maladaptive
perfectionism (high ECP, high PSP).

Question 21

What evidence supports the 2 x 2 model of perfectionism (Gaudreau & Thompson, 2010)

Answer 21

Hill & Madigan (2017)

Question 22

What did Hill & Madigan (2017) do?

Answer 22

Hill & Madigan (2017) reviewed nine studies using 2 x 2 model in sport and dance environments

Question 23

What did Hill & Madigan (2017) find?

Answer 23

They found that overall the suggestions by the 2 x 2 model is supported by the results of the study analysed.