Doping Behaviours in Elite Sport Flashcards
Define Doping
Presence of a prohibited substance in an athlete’s sample; evading, refusing, or failing to submit to sample collection; possession of a prohibited substance; tampering or attempted tampering with any part of doping control
Name the 2 approaches when studying Doping
> Medical/Physiological
- Detection-deterrence approach
Social Science
- How and Why do athletes dope?
Name a study which offers some explanation to why athletes dope?
Backhouse et al. (2016)
Name 5 reasons which Blackhouse et al. (2016) established as to why athletes dope
- Socio‐demographic and psychosocial factors
- Social context and role of reference groups
- Critical incidents
- Dont think they will be caught and doubt the effectiveness of detection‐deterrence system
- Lack of education in anti-doping
Name 3 initiatives that promote anti-doping in sport
> ATLAS
ATHENA
CoachMADE
Who suggested the ATLAS intiative
Goldberg et al. (2000)
What does ATLAS stand for?
The Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids program
What is the aim of the ATLAS initiative
The aim is to reduce the intention to use, and the use of anabolic steroids, alcohol, and other illicit drugs
Describe the ATLAS initiative
> Team-centred and sex-specific education
> Classroom and workshop based
How did the ATLAS initiative fare when trialled?
> The intentions and actual anabolic steroids use significantly lower
However AS reduction was not significant a year later when followed up
Who suggested the ATHENA intiative
Elliot et al. (2004)
What does ATHENA stand for?
Athletes Targeting Healthy Exercise and Nutrition Alternatives program
What was the aim of the ATHENA initiative
Aim to prevent disordered eating and body‐shaping drug use
Describe the ATHENA initiative
> Team‐centred, female high school athletes’
> 8 weekly, 45‐minute sessions, incorporated into practice
What were the results of the ATHENA initiative
> Significantly less use of and intention to use diet pills and athletic‐enhancing
substances (e.g., amphetamines, anabolic steroids)
Also had positive effects on strength‐training self‐efficacy, and healthy eating
behaviours
AS reduction not significant at 1 year follow‐up
Evaluate both the ATLAS and ATHENA programmes
Both programmes recognise the value of using sports teams as an
effective natural vehicle for these types of programmes
Who suggested the CoachMADE initiative
Ntoumanis et al. (2018)
What were the aims of the CoachMADE initiative
Aims to identify coach communication strategies to:
> motivation in sport
> self‐determined reasons for complying to doping regulation
What did Ntoumanis et al. (2014) do?
Performed a a meta-analysis looking into the effect of psychological, socio-contextual factors and demographic variables on doping intentions and use, as well as examining the variables that moderate such effect sizes.
What did Ntoumanis et al. (2014) find?
The use of legal supplements, perceived social norms and positive attitudes towards doping were the strongest positive correlating of doping intentions and behaviours. In addition, self-efficacy and to refrain from doping had the strongest negative association with doping intentions and behaviours
Name a study which reviews the medical practitioners’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding doping
Backhouse et al. (2007)
What did Backhouse et al. (2007) do?
Identified 6 studies and examined them for knowledge, attitudes and beliefs in relation to doping in sport.
What did Backhouse et al. (2007) find?
Found that there is a limited knowledge of anti-doping rules and regulations.
How can we evaluate Backhouse et al.’s (2007) study
A lack of education, leading to a lack of awareness and understanding could be at risk of doping offences.
