Doping Behaviours in Elite Sport

Question 1

Define Doping

Answer 1

Presence of a prohibited substance in
an athlete’s sample; evading, refusing, or
failing to submit to sample collection;
possession of a prohibited substance;
tampering or attempted tampering with
any part of doping control

Question 2

Name the 2 approaches when studying Doping

Answer 2

> Medical/Physiological
- Detection-deterrence approach
Social Science
- How and Why do athletes dope?

Question 3

Name a study which offers some explanation to why athletes dope?

Answer 3

Backhouse et al. (2016)

Question 4

Name 5 reasons which Blackhouse et al. (2016) established as to why athletes dope

Answer 4

• Socio‐demographic and psychosocial factors
• Social context and role of reference groups
• Critical incidents
• Dont think they will be caught and doubt the effectiveness of detection‐deterrence system
• Lack of education in anti-doping

Question 5

Name 3 initiatives that promote anti-doping in sport

Answer 5

> ATLAS
ATHENA
CoachMADE

Question 6

Who suggested the ATLAS intiative

Answer 6

Goldberg et al. (2000)

Question 7

What does ATLAS stand for?

Answer 7

The Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids program

Question 8

What is the aim of the ATLAS initiative

Answer 8

The aim is to reduce the intention to use, and the use of anabolic steroids, alcohol, and other illicit drugs

Question 9

Describe the ATLAS initiative

Answer 9

> Team-centred and sex-specific education

> Classroom and workshop based

Question 10

How did the ATLAS initiative fare when trialled?

Answer 10

> The intentions and actual anabolic steroids use significantly lower
However AS reduction was not significant a year later when followed up

Question 11

Who suggested the ATHENA intiative

Answer 11

Elliot et al. (2004)

Question 12

What does ATHENA stand for?

Answer 12

Athletes Targeting Healthy Exercise and Nutrition Alternatives program

Question 13

What was the aim of the ATHENA initiative

Answer 13

Aim to prevent disordered eating and body‐shaping drug use

Question 14

Describe the ATHENA initiative

Answer 14

> Team‐centred, female high school athletes’

> 8 weekly, 45‐minute sessions, incorporated into practice

Question 15

What were the results of the ATHENA initiative

Answer 15

> Significantly less use of and intention to use diet pills and athletic‐enhancing
substances (e.g., amphetamines, anabolic steroids)
Also had positive effects on strength‐training self‐efficacy, and healthy eating
behaviours
AS reduction not significant at 1 year follow‐up

Question 16

Evaluate both the ATLAS and ATHENA programmes

Answer 16

Both programmes recognise the value of using sports teams as an
effective natural vehicle for these types of programmes

Question 17

Who suggested the CoachMADE initiative

Answer 17

Ntoumanis et al. (2018)

Question 18

What were the aims of the CoachMADE initiative

Answer 18

Aims to identify coach communication strategies to:
> motivation in sport
> self‐determined reasons for complying to doping regulation

Question 19

What did Ntoumanis et al. (2014) do?

Answer 19

Performed a a meta-analysis looking into the effect of psychological, socio-contextual factors and demographic variables on doping intentions and use, as well as examining the variables that moderate such effect sizes.

Question 20

What did Ntoumanis et al. (2014) find?

Answer 20

The use of legal supplements, perceived social norms and positive attitudes towards doping were the strongest positive correlating of doping intentions and behaviours. In addition, self-efficacy and to refrain from doping had the strongest negative association with doping intentions and behaviours

Question 21

Name a study which reviews the medical practitioners’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding doping

Answer 21

Backhouse et al. (2007)

Question 22

What did Backhouse et al. (2007) do?

Answer 22

Identified 6 studies and examined them for knowledge, attitudes and beliefs in relation to doping in sport.

Question 23

What did Backhouse et al. (2007) find?

Answer 23

Found that there is a limited knowledge of anti-doping rules and regulations.

Question 24

How can we evaluate Backhouse et al.’s (2007) study

Answer 24

A lack of education, leading to a lack of awareness and understanding could be at risk of doping offences.