Perceptual Knowledge + Action In Infancy (6) Flashcards
5 perceptual skills
Vision, audition (probably the most developed at birth), touch, smell, taste
Are newborns initially passive/ active
Passive
Inter-sensory integration
Infants begin to integrate information from several senses
Cross modal transfer*
Infants can perceive something via one modality & transfer the information to another modality
Researcher challenges when observing infant behaviour
Linguistic abilities
Attention
Crying
Sleeping
Ethical + consensual access
Babies can hear from
26 weeks gestation
Babies can begin to focus on individual sounds and rhythm at…
7-9 months
What is the greatest change in hearing ability over the first year of life
The ability to organise sounds into complex patterns
Development of the visual cortex*
2 months - discriminate colours
3 months - discriminate objects
6 months - visual acuity 20/100 (adults 20/20)
Visual acuity
The ability to see fine-grained detail (circle with lines assessment)
When does visual acuity develop
Rapid development in the first 6 months to just below adult level.(levelling off period) Full acuity not developed until after 1 year
Infants prefer to look at images with…
High contrast and a preference for edges
Pareidolia**
A psychological phenomenon involving a stimulus that the mind perceives a similar pattern where none actually exists (e.g. cloud faces)
Face processing hypothesis - Morton & Johnson - 2 types of hypothesis
Structural hypothesis (CONSPEC)
Sensory hypothesis (CONLERN)
Structural hypothesis (face processing) - CONSPEC
Innate info concerning the structure of faces - no prior experience necessary (a visual perceptual ‘device’)
Sensory hypothesis (face processing) - CONLERN
Classes of stimuli are preferred as a result of their general properties
Ability to learn about the human face, as a consequence of directing attention to faces - experience is required
Perception
The ‘here and now’
Piaget suggested object permanence begins at…
9 months but not fully developed until 2 years (but A not B error at 9 months)
A not B error
Have object permanence but can’t then get rid of this when object placement changed -> development of frontal cortex allows links between object knowledge and action = success
Meltzoff and Borton bumpy dummy %
71%
When do infants begin to listen longer to real speech sounds than muddled up rhythms
2-7 months
Vision at 2 months
Discriminate colours
Vision at 3 months
Discriminate objects
Vision at 6months
Visual acuity 20/100
Develop accuracy in tracking
1 month olds scan… of shapes
Perimeters
2 month olds scan…of shapes
Perimeters and interiors
Who did the mummy’s face preferential looking experiment
(And %)
Bushnell, Sai and Mullin
63%
After Piaget, 3-4 month olds…
Reason about NUMBER of objects in events
After Piaget, 4-7 month olds..
Can appreciate the difference between 2ness and 3ness but not larger numbers - subitising
Subitising
Appreciating directly a small number of objects without counting them consciously
According to who, 4 and 5 month olds have an understanding of addition and subtraction
Wynn
Other explanations for the A not an error
Response preserverarion (old habits)
Memory
Place A is a container
Communication
Attention
Frontal cortex maturity and executive function
How is A not B error overcome
Initial searches trial and error
Development of frontal cortex allows links between object knowledge and action = success
