Attachment And Social Development (7) Flashcards
When do infants gradually come to distinguish themselves?*
First 2-6 months
When is true self-recognition displayed?*
18-24 months (depends on cognitive development and social experiences)
‘Looking glass self’
A child’s self concept is largely determined by the ways other people respond to him/her
Categorical self
A persons categorisation of the self along socially significant dimensions such as age and sex
Self recognition
The ability to recognise oneself in the mirror/photo
The rouge test (recognition in the mirror) age
18-20 months
13-24 months looking in mirror*
Withdrawal - no longer happy at catching their own image in the mirror - acting self consciously
New study of original chimp mirror study found self awareness at…*
15-24 months
3 areas of research for emotional development**
Recognising and expressing facial expressions of emotion
Understanding emotions and empathising
Regulation of emotions
Emotions as innate
Innate key simple expressions over the first year of life
Social smiling from 6 weeks
How old to discriminate between smiling and frowning*
3 months
Social referencing
Infants look to caregiver for information as to how they should respond
Findings of 44 thieves study*
More than half of the thieves had been separated from their mothers for longer than 6months during their first 5 years
(Control group just 2)
Bowlby’s attachment theory
Children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing their own survival
Secure base
Providing an infant with a sense of security that makes it possible for the infant to explore the environment
Attachment theory - 4 stage model**
Pre-attachment
Attachment in the making
Clear cut attachment
Reciprocal relations
Pre-attachment phase - birth to 6 weeks*
Infant produces innate signals that bring others to their side and is comforted by the reaction that follows
Attachment in the making phase - 6 weeks to 6-8 months*
Infants begin to respond preferentially to familiar people
Clear cut attachment phase - 6-8months - 1 and a half-2 years**
Infant actively seeks contact with their regular caregivers and typically shows separation protest/ distress when the caregiver departs
Reciprocal relationships phase - 1 and a half - 2 years on*
Children take an active role in developing working partnerships with their caregivers
5 instinctual behaviours in phases 1&2 that promote the development of attachment
Sucking, cuddling, smiling, looking, crying
Stranger anxiety age
6-12 months
Separation anxiety age*
Emerges at 6 months and peaks at around 15 months
Ainsworth attachment percentages
Secure - 70%
Insecure-resistant - 15%
Insecure-avoidant - 15%
