Language (9) Flashcards

1
Q

Magnet effect (Triadic interaction)

A

Infant reaches towards the place an adult has acted on an object - object becomes more of a communicative referent

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2
Q

Language

A

A code in which spoken sound is used in order to encode meaning

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3
Q

Symbolic system*

A

Words and parts of words represent meaning - they refer to things other than themselves - the symbols are CONVENTIONAL

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4
Q

Rule governed

A

Rules that reflect regularities and are abstract e.g. articles precede nouns they refer to

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5
Q

Productive

A

A finite number of units and rules can make an infinite number of grammatical utterances and meanings

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6
Q

4 things our language is

A

A communication system
A symbolic system
Rule governed
Productive

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7
Q

Morphemes *

A

Smallest unit of meaning

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8
Q

Pragmatics *

A

How to use language in different contexts or genres

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9
Q

Syntax

A

Rules by which words/phrases are arranged

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10
Q

From how old foetal reactions to sound*

A

20 weeks

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11
Q

By 7 months…

A

Infants can remember and recognise familiar words within the speech stream

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12
Q

Phonemes *

A

Smallest unit of speech that can affect meaning

A SET of sounds that are not physically identical but are treated as equivalent by speakers of language
(E.g. K in ski and key)

Evidence that infants are innately predisposed -> sets them up for speech

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13
Q

Sequence of language-development production ***!!

A

Birth-2 months = reflexive vocalisations (e.g. different types of cry)
2-4months = cooing and laughing
4-6months = babbling - the first controlled vocalisations
6-10 months = CANONICAL* babbling - include more vowels and consonants - start to sound like words
10+ months = MODULATED babbling - add stress and intonation patterns and learn about these *

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14
Q

Gesture

A

A ‘way station’ on the road to language over ONTOGENETIC and evolutionary time

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15
Q

The pragmatic system*

A

Abilities that allow us to communicate in an effective way in a social context e.g….

Maintaining and repairing conversations - by 3 years will ask for clarifications
Turn taking
Initiating interactions

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16
Q

How old when differences in communication to listeners is shown (pragmatics)

17
Q

How old when take into account listeners perspective

18
Q

Convention of different genres age

19
Q

Syntactic system

A

The way that words and parts of words are related to one another create grammatical sentences (governed by rules)

20
Q

Syntactic system - Chomsky *

A

S-structure = surface structure (what is spoken)
D-structure = deep structure (the actual meaning)

innate Language Acquisition Device

21
Q

Nativist theories (e.g. Chomsky)

A

Born with basic language production/comprehension capacity

22
Q

Chomsky’s LAD*

A

Languages have universal features
Innate knowledge of basic grammar rules

Perceives regularities in perceived utterances
Generates hypotheses about these utterances
These can then be tested against new utterances

23
Q

First words

A

10-18 months

‘Holophrases’ - condense meaning - more than one possible d-structure??

24
Q

At 18months…

A

Word explosion

Mainly nouns

25
Combination of gesture and word
Come before word and word
26
18-24 months - 2 word utterances**
Telegraphic speech Importance of scaffolding Often don’t use word order for meaning
27
24-27 months - 3-4 word utterances**
Start to see evidence of grammatical rules
28
When is speech understandable to even unfamiliar adults
3 years Complex sentences with relative clauses
29
When is language similar to that of an adult*
5 years Still perfecting some tenses and constructions
30
Overregularisation
A previously learned syntactic rule is applied to the exception of the rule Creative overregularisations - ‘ing’ - no irregular progressive forms so no errors
31
Underextension
Using a word too narrowly (e.g. ‘dog’ for toy dog but not dogs in the park)
32
Overextension
Extending the meaning too broadly (e.g. bird for all flying things)
33
What age of vocabulary predicts language competence at age 9/10
3
34
Example of morpheme
‘’ed” words
35
How old when child starts to ask for clarifications
3 years
36
Proto-conversations
Dyadic then triadic
37
Holophrases
More than 1 possible d-structure Condensed meaning
38
How many words by 6 years of age
14,000