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Developmental Psychology > Language (9) > Flashcards

Language (9) Flashcards

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1
Q

Magnet effect (Triadic interaction)

A

Infant reaches towards the place an adult has acted on an object - object becomes more of a communicative referent

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2
Q

Language

A

A code in which spoken sound is used in order to encode meaning

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3
Q

Symbolic system*

A

Words and parts of words represent meaning - they refer to things other than themselves - the symbols are CONVENTIONAL

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4
Q

Rule governed

A

Rules that reflect regularities and are abstract e.g. articles precede nouns they refer to

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5
Q

Productive

A

A finite number of units and rules can make an infinite number of grammatical utterances and meanings

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6
Q

4 things our language is

A

A communication system
A symbolic system
Rule governed
Productive

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7
Q

Morphemes *

A

Smallest unit of meaning

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8
Q

Pragmatics *

A

How to use language in different contexts or genres

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9
Q

Syntax

A

Rules by which words/phrases are arranged

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10
Q

From how old foetal reactions to sound*

A

20 weeks

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11
Q

By 7 months…

A

Infants can remember and recognise familiar words within the speech stream

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12
Q

Phonemes *

A

Smallest unit of speech that can affect meaning

A SET of sounds that are not physically identical but are treated as equivalent by speakers of language
(E.g. K in ski and key)

Evidence that infants are innately predisposed -> sets them up for speech

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13
Q

Sequence of language-development production ***!!

A

Birth-2 months = reflexive vocalisations (e.g. different types of cry)
2-4months = cooing and laughing
4-6months = babbling - the first controlled vocalisations
6-10 months = CANONICAL* babbling - include more vowels and consonants - start to sound like words
10+ months = MODULATED babbling - add stress and intonation patterns and learn about these *

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14
Q

Gesture

A

A ‘way station’ on the road to language over ONTOGENETIC and evolutionary time

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15
Q

The pragmatic system*

A

Abilities that allow us to communicate in an effective way in a social context e.g….

Maintaining and repairing conversations - by 3 years will ask for clarifications
Turn taking
Initiating interactions

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16
Q

How old when differences in communication to listeners is shown (pragmatics)

A

2 years

17
Q

How old when take into account listeners perspective

A

4-5 years

18
Q

Convention of different genres age

A

3 years

19
Q

Syntactic system

A

The way that words and parts of words are related to one another create grammatical sentences (governed by rules)

20
Q

Syntactic system - Chomsky *

A

S-structure = surface structure (what is spoken)
D-structure = deep structure (the actual meaning)

innate Language Acquisition Device

21
Q

Nativist theories (e.g. Chomsky)

A

Born with basic language production/comprehension capacity

22
Q

Chomsky’s LAD*

A

Languages have universal features
Innate knowledge of basic grammar rules

Perceives regularities in perceived utterances
Generates hypotheses about these utterances
These can then be tested against new utterances

23
Q

First words

A

10-18 months

‘Holophrases’ - condense meaning - more than one possible d-structure??

24
Q

At 18months…

A

Word explosion

Mainly nouns

25
Q

Combination of gesture and word

A

Come before word and word

26
Q

18-24 months - 2 word utterances**

A

Telegraphic speech
Importance of scaffolding
Often don’t use word order for meaning

27
Q

24-27 months - 3-4 word utterances**

A

Start to see evidence of grammatical rules

28
Q

When is speech understandable to even unfamiliar adults

A

3 years
Complex sentences with relative clauses

29
Q

When is language similar to that of an adult*

A

5 years
Still perfecting some tenses and constructions

30
Q

Overregularisation

A

A previously learned syntactic rule is applied to the exception of the rule

Creative overregularisations - ‘ing’ - no irregular progressive forms so no errors

31
Q

Underextension

A

Using a word too narrowly (e.g. ‘dog’ for toy dog but not dogs in the park)

32
Q

Overextension

A

Extending the meaning too broadly (e.g. bird for all flying things)

33
Q

What age of vocabulary predicts language competence at age 9/10

A

3

34
Q

Example of morpheme

A

‘’ed” words

35
Q

How old when child starts to ask for clarifications

A

3 years

36
Q

Proto-conversations

A

Dyadic then triadic

37
Q

Holophrases

A

More than 1 possible d-structure
Condensed meaning

38
Q

How many words by 6 years of age

A

14,000

Developmental Psychology (10 decks)

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