Perception: Face Recognition

Question 1

What are first order relations?

Answer 1

having the same basic configurations:
- eyes above nose + mouth

BUT this is not good for perceiving an identity??

Question 2

What was the accuracy of the 2 alt face recognition task - asked to identified between pictures of 2 similar people?

Answer 2

100% accurate MOST of the time

Question 3

Rather than having the same basic configuration, what may be more important?

Answer 3

Second-order relations:

- spacing among various features

Question 4

What are the characteristics of Bruce and Young’s Face recognition model?

Answer 4

• info processing frame work
• Modular
• distinct pathways
  => for recognising familiar faces + expressions
• parallel pathways
  => independent of each other but in parallel
• Serial pathways

Question 5

What does modular mean?

Answer 5

different sub-functions are processed independently

- cant be reduced any further

Question 6

What do the parallel pathways in Bruce and Young’s model deal with?

Answer 6

• facial expression
• facial speech
• Visually derived semantic info
  => age, sex, race

Question 7

According to Bruce and Young, what processing in facial recognition are serial pathways?

Answer 7

• face recognition
• person identity nodes
• Name generation

Question 8

What is the familiar face recognition route?

Answer 8

1. FRU - Face recognition unit
2. PINs - personal identity nodes
3. Name generation Units

Question 9

What does the FRU store?

Answer 9

descriptions of previously encountered faces

Question 10

What does the PIN store?

Answer 10

identity specific semantic info:

• where you know them from
• their job
• personal likes

Question 11

What does the Name generating unit do?

Answer 11

Use info from PIN to generate name of the identified individual

Question 12

Other than the face recognition routes, what other routes does Bruce and Young’s model have?

Answer 12

1. Expression analysis
   - computing facial emotions
2. Facial speech analysis
   - lip reading + not limited to those who have lost their ability to hear
   - McGurk Effect “Ma, ba, va, da”
3. Directed visual processing
   - when looking for particular info from a face

Question 13

What are some early evidence for Bruce + Young 1986’s Face recognition model?

Answer 13

1. Young, Hay + Ellis, 1985: Memory loss diary
2. Repetition priming found for familiarity decisions but NOT for gender or expression decisions
3. Familiarity does not influence
   - gender decision
   - expression analysis
4. humans selective with identity + emotions

Question 14

What were the most common errors in the memory loss diary supporting Bruce + Young’s model of face recognition?

Answer 14

• person not recognised
• Feeling of familiarity without identity
• person recognised but not name retrieved
• person misidentified

Question 15

What brain support is their for parallelism?

Answer 15

1. Neuropsy
   - DD between the processing of facial expression + face recognition
2. Neuro-imaging
   - fMRI
   - different cortical sites active in the processing of identity VS emotions

Question 16

What part of the brain is activated when trying to figure out the identity of a person?

Answer 16

inferior occipital + lateral fusiform gyri

Question 17

What part of the brain is activated when trying to figure out expression of a face?

Answer 17

Amygdala + superior temporal sulcus

Question 18

what is semantic priming?

Answer 18

response to a face is faster if it follows a closely related face
- THERE is no means to account for in Bruce and Young’s model :\

Question 19

Describe the interactive activation + competition model (IAC)

Answer 19

• semantic info are pooled
• relationships between different info are represented by in the connections between the pools
• connections within pools = mutually inhibitory
• Connections between pools are mutually facilitatory

Question 20

What does it mean by “connections within pools = mutually inhibitory” regarding the IAC?

Answer 20

• tom?
• no Tim, but tom takes over and inhibit u from accessing the right name in the name pool
• hopefully you can fix this mistake as it triggers other pools of info

Question 21

What does it mean by “connections between pools are facilitatory” regarding the IAC model?

Answer 21

• if u remember Tim (FRU) it activates info related to him in others pools of into like his job (PIN) et

Question 22

What have single-uni electrodes found about neurons and face recognition?

Answer 22

• have face-selective neurons in the superior temporal sulcus + inferior temporal cortex

Question 23

What is the logic of Gnostic units?

Answer 23

1. as u move away from the visual cortex, info travels through the Inferior temporal cortex
2. as it passes trough the ventral pathway = more complex features added to image
   - early visual codes = line orientation/ colour
   - higher order features

Question 24

What are grandmother cells?

Answer 24

• a specific neuron that only is simulated when the specific visual stimuli/ object is seen
• linked to not wanting to activate so many neurons “sparseness”

Question 25

What did Quiroga, Reddy and Kreiman, Koch + Fried in 2005 find supporting the theory of grandmother cells?

Answer 25

• implanted electrode into those with interactable epilepsy in a range of locations
  = hippo, amyg etc
• pictures of Aniston varied but an individual neuron responded invariantly
• Pitt + Aniston = not the same response