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CCC > Attention: Attention > Flashcards

Attention: Attention Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly describe the argument regarding the definition of attention.

A
  1. James William
    - linked attention directly to consciouness - but we disagree with this
  2. Pashler
    - shouldn’t try to define “it”
  3. Allport
    - no simple theory of attention exist
  4. Johnston + Dark
    - reluctant to define it
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2
Q

What is a working definition?

A
  • one that is denied within the research parameters

- can be bad when comparing researches

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3
Q

What did Kouider et al in 2006 do which was a good example of unconsciousness influence?

A
  • Gaze contingent crowding paradigm
  • using eye tracker they found peopel who saw happy faces = pleasant and opp etc
  • crowding = having lots of other things preventing u from telling the facial expression
  • upside down face = no effect
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4
Q

What evidence is there for attention without consciousness; unconscious attentional modulation?

A

Jang et al, 2006

  • Continuation Flash Suppression (CFS)
  • one side colour is changing, the other side an object
  • if dot on right and lady on right = faster at detecting lady
  • slower response for same gender
  • BOOOO used to test homosexuality earlier
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5
Q

What is the BG of the CFS?

A
  • when one pic is on one side and another on the other side, eyes switch from one pic to another = no merging
  • doing this means one side u are not consciously aware of
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6
Q

What are the 2 working definitions of attention which have been adopted?

A
  1. Attention as a process

2. Attention as a resource

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7
Q

Define attention as a process

A
  • selective attention: ability to preferentially process a subset of all available info
  • sustained attention: ability to maintain a state of high alertness
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8
Q

Define attention as a resource

A
  • a set of limited resources for cognitive processing

- divided attention: ability to distribute attention over a range of competing inputs

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9
Q

What is an example of selective auditory attention?

A
  1. Shadowing/ dichotic listening

- headphones, one ear hear experimenter + had to repeat (shadow) vs other ear random stuff

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10
Q

What did the shadowing/ dichotic listening experiment show about what ppt were unable to do?

A
  1. remember contents of the message
  2. remember language of message
  3. tell if speech was reversed
  4. tell if language was changed
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11
Q

What did the shadowing/ dichotic listening experiment show about what ppt were ABLE to do?

A
  1. tell if message was a voice or noise
  2. Tell if the voice changed gender
  3. Detect a sudden tone

{bottom up processing]

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12
Q

What led to the development of Early selection filter models - Broadbent’s Filter Theory ?

A

ppt being unable to tell the language being spoken in the non-shadow ear

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13
Q

Describe Broadbant;s Early selection filter models

A
  1. Perception
  2. all info perceived sent to sensory buffer
  3. all is then sent to the selective filter
    - selections made on the basis of its gross physical properties
  4. Only these reach the limited capacity processor
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14
Q

What evidence is there showing info goes beyond the “physical” is processed?

A

Von Wright et al, 1975
- SCRs to shock associated words despite not reporting hearing the word
- same setting as the shadowing experiment
- non-shadowing ear they heard the words
= unconscious processing of the word

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15
Q

Due to Von Wright et al’s findings of SCR to shock words, how did it affect Broadbant’s filter slection model?

A

New model:
Triesman’s attenuation model
- flexible filter
- provides good explanation for most of the data

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16
Q

Describe Triesman’s attentuation model

A
  1. Perception
  2. Sensory buffer - everything passes
  3. Attenuator
    - attenuated channels = less processing put into them
    - selected channels
  4. Semantic analysis (based on variable threshold)
17
Q

Why do our eyes move every 2-3 times a second?

A
  • compensate for the very small area of the retina that is capable of processing visual info
18
Q

What is misdirection and how do magicians use this to their advantage?

A

misdirection = result of the fact we only process info at fixations

  • Kuhn + Tatler, 2005b
  • ppt fitted with eye trackers
  • those who fixated on the object at critical points saw them “disappear”
  • DRUNK people morel likely to see through trick since their reaction time is slow so eyes don’t follow the hand misdirection
19
Q

How have cog psy explored the nature of visual attention?

A

VISUAL SEARCH TASKS

  1. Popout -parallel processing
    - simple research
    - find red circle in sea of blue circle
  2. Conjoint search - Serial processing
    - find red square in sea of red circles + green squares etc
20
Q

What is the difference between parallel vs Serial processing?

A
  1. Prallel searches = flat set size function
    - no matter now many blue circles you add, the rate at which the red circle is found is the same
  2. Serial searches = positive set function
    - the more of all the different coloured shapes you add the longer it will take to spot the red circle
21
Q

What have we learned from visual search experiments?

A
  1. basic feature analysis (colour/ orientation) occurs in parallel to single feature targets = pop out
  2. Feature integration occurs next, and attention = visual glue that allows different features to be combined to form a coherent perspective
22
Q

Why do conjoint searches have positive set-size functions?

A

because each stimulus must be processed one at a time in order to bind the features together
- Feature integration Theory - Triesman, 1988

23
Q

What did Ponser find about whether attention is about object or location in space?

A 
- location in space 
= Ponser = cueing paradigm
= covert orientation
- endogenous cue (arrow) pointing right = quicker to spot right 
- slower in invalid cues
24
Q

What is covert orientation?

A

attentional enhancement without the movement of eyes

25
Q

According to Joula et al, does the spotlight metaphor of attention exist?

A

yes BUT

- when cue in the middle layer, center takes longer to react = our attention is kind of like a donut

26
Q

When is less attention required for a task but why can this also be a problem?

A

When it has been practised for a while = automatic

- result in action slips

27
Q

What does divided attention mean?

A
  • doing more than one thing at a time
28
Q

What 3 factors influence the extent to which two tasks can be successfully carried out simultaneously?

A
  1. How familiar the tasks are
    - overlapping in any stage (input, storage, processing, output) = problems
  2. How practiced the operator is
  3. How difficult the tasks are

CCC (16 decks)

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