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CCC > Cog + Behaviour: Cognitive + Appetite > Flashcards

Cog + Behaviour: Cognitive + Appetite Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the psychobiological view of appetite not so great?

A
  • eating a consequence of physiological processes monitoring nutrient status
  • BUT cannot explain
  • -> over-eating + rise in obesity
  • -> eating disorders
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2
Q

What cognitive processes are implicated in eating?

A
  • Memory
  • Attention
  • Decision making
  • Learning
  • Perception
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3
Q

What are the different cognitive theories of susceptibility to overeat?

A
  • Externality theory
  • Restraint theory
  • Emotional eating
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4
Q

How does the externality theory explain susceptibility to over eat?

A
  • dependent on the extent to which internal + external signals motivate a person to eat
  • obese = more response to external (more cognitively controlled) signals vs physiological (internal)
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5
Q

How does the restraint theory explain susceptibility to over eat?

A
  • ppl use cognitive processes to restrict their intake due to weight concerns
  • restriction = overeating when dietary restraint breaks down
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6
Q

How does the emotional eating theory explain susceptibility to over eat?

A
  • occurs in response to negative emotions in an attempt to distract attention from, or alleviate these feelings
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7
Q

What are the different ways of measuring food related-attention - attentional bias for food cue ?

A
  1. Dot-probe task: food
    = faster RT when probe + food cue are in same location
  2. Food stroop task
    = slower colour-naming time for food related items compared w/ neutral stimuli
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8
Q

What cognitive-biological interaction has been found regarding attentional bias for food cue?

A
  • stronger bias when healthy volunteers were tested when hungry
  • BUT this hunger-enhanced food bias was not found in obese ppt = gave attention to food regardless of them being hungry
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9
Q

Attentional bias for food-related cues have been found in?

A
  • obese adults
  • obese children
  • healthy-weight adults + dietary restrictive
  • Healthy-w a + emotional eaters
  • H-W a + external eaters
  • bulimic + anorexic patients
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10
Q

How could we reduce eating by modifying attention?

A
  • mindfulness

- -> help to control impulsive response to food cues

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11
Q

Why are DECISIONS about how much we serve ourselves matter?

A
  • plate cleaning occurs in 91% of means; Fay et al, 2011

- need to understand how we make decisions on portion size

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12
Q

Increasing portion size increases our intake by how much?

A
  • 70/80% in come cases
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13
Q

How important are visual cues in deciding portion size?

A
  • ppt ate soup from a bowl w/ hidden supply tube either with self-filling, static or self-emptying conditions
    = how full they felt after 2/3 hrs was influenced by what they thought they has consumed vs actual consumption
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14
Q

What expectations influence portion size selection?

A
  • based on how filling something will be
  • EXPECTED fillingness of food
  • EXPECTED liking
  • Food utility
  • -> what is the MAX you would pay for this food?
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15
Q

Why is it important to make sure the child LEARNS to establish a good range of flavour preferences in childhood?

A
  • will track into adulthood
  • born w/ innate liking for sweet + disliking for bitter but all other preferences learnt
  • Parental flavour learning; Mennella et al
  • -> carrots
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16
Q

What expectations about the food can alter liking and perception of a food?

A
  • sensory qualities of a food
    1. Assimilation theory
    2. Contract effect
17
Q

What is the assimilation theory?

A
  • expected + sensory xp COMBINE
  • if actual sensory xp closer to expected than is SEEN when the food is evaluated without prior expectations
  • -> same soup, different labels
18
Q

What is the contract effect?

A
  • occurs when the expected + sensed xp = very different = decrease in rated quality of food
  • -> smoked salmon looking ice-cream vs “normal” ice-cream = oo interesting flavour vs yuck!
19
Q

What explanation is there for why variety influences liking of food?

A
  • Sensory Specific Satiety (SSS) decreases in palatability of recently eaten food
  • due to habituation of sensory properties?
  • could explain why you are “sick” of one food but have space of desserts!
  • -> different coloured smarties vs all the same colour
20
Q

What could the role of sensory specific satiety be in obesity?

A
  • evidence obese ppl show no within mean decrease in palatability for eaten foods while STILL desiring other foods
  • Obesegenic environment
21
Q

What is an obesegenic environment?

A
  • environment full of different types of food = keep renewing desire for food
22
Q

In what ways can we modify perceptions to reduce obesity?

A
  1. establish healthy eating in childhood
  2. Change eating environment; plate size
  3. Increase expectations that foods will be filling so small portions are chosen
  4. Regulate advertising of high fat sugar-foods (assimilation effect)
  5. Decrease variety (SSS)
  6. Make all food taste the same (SSS!!)
23
Q

Is MEMORY of a recent meal an important influence on how much is consumed at the next eating episode?

A
  • Higgs et al - Healthy ppt
    –> asked to think about lunch eaten today or yesterday or anything
    –> given bogus task: Measured SNACK intake
    = thinking about food halved the number of biscuits eater
    = did not influence food liking
  • 24, 48, 44g snacks
  • 64, 64, 60 liking of snacks
24
Q

Amnesiac patients: What did hebben et al in 1985 find about the number of meals an amnesic patient would have?

A
  • multiple meals cuz they forgot they had eaten already

= Memory important in how much they ate in next meal

25
Q

Amnesiac patients: What did Higgs et al in 2008 find about amnesiac patients and their ability to differentiate between foods of different sweetness?

A
  • could differentiate between food of different sweetness

= Memory of recent eating is not involved in perception of taste

26
Q

Amnesiac patients: What did Higgs et al in 2008 find about control and amnesiac’s SSS response?

A
  • liking of recently eaten food declined in both control + amnesic patients = no deficit in SSS response
    = HABITUATION to sensory properties of recently eaten food (NOT memory) = reduces desire to eat food
27
Q

How is distracted eating, memory and overeating related?

A
  • disrupting encoding (distracted eating) of memories while eating = overeating at the next meal
  • -> memory of meal less accurate = increased food intake for next meal
28
Q

Sedentary activities such as TV viewing are associated w/ obesity but what assumption is not quite correct about it?

A
  • assume = obesity due to reduced energy expenditure BUT
    = TV viewing only a mediating factor of fatness
    = MORE likely due to an effect on food intake
29
Q

Obesity interventions applying the findings might aim to enhance meal memory by…

A
  • increasing attention to experience of eating
  • slowing down eating rate
  • discouraging distractors while eating

CCC (16 decks)

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