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Introduction To Psychology > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is perception?
is it a top down or bottom up approach?
what is a top down approach?

A

1-Perception is the integration of stimulation from our senses-active and inferences
2-top down approach
3-involvement of memory, expectations, mood, current context and beliefs

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2
Q

Inferences:

What is perceptual constancy?

A

1- Our perception of the world remains re-remarkably constant
size- unaffected by distance
shape-
colour-same colour day and night
brightness-white wall remains bright
We compensate for changes and incorporate information

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3
Q

What is brightness contrast?

A

1-Not solely dependent on the absolute amount of light reflected from the surface, but also dependent on amount of light reflected from other objects

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4
Q

Name three top down approaches?

A

1- Phonemic restoration
2- illusory contours
3- degraded figures

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5
Q

What is phonemic restoration?

A

1-is a perceptual illusion in which a listener hears a speech sound that is not actually present

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6
Q

What is illusory contours?

A

1- Evoke the perception of an edge without luminance or colour change

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7
Q

What is a perceptual set?

A

Readiness to interpret stimuli in a certain way depending on expectations etc

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8
Q

Perceptually ambiguous figures:

can be perceived in how many ways? describe this

A

1- same raw data but two different interpretations>same retinal imagine
This can bias interpretation by manipulating someones perceptual set

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9
Q

Perception and reality:
Describe:
What did stratton do?

A

We impose out own interpretation of the world, never passively observing
>stratton created goggles>inverted world

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10
Q

Visual perception:
What is depth perception?
How many types of depth perception are there?
name two depth cues:

A

1-Ability to judge distance
2- there are two types: relative distance and absolute distance
3- Binocular and monocular

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11
Q

Name the binocular depth cues:

A

Convergence: Eyes move together as an object gets closer. (muscle tension is a cue)

binocular disparity: Different views presented to each eye and are interpreted by the brain.
The further the object the less disparity.

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12
Q

Name monocular depth cues:

A 
1-Motion parallax:
2-relative size:
3:linear perspective:
4:aerial
5:texture
occlusion
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13
Q

What is motion parallax?

A

Objects closer to an observer appear to move faster than objects that appear to be further away from us

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14
Q

What is monocular relative size:

moon illusion?

A

Size of an object relative to others around it and allows us to determine how close an object is to us.
attribute difference in size of retinal image to distance rather than size
moon illusion- moon seems larger and closer when it is near the horizon than when its in the sky. Automatically scale the size of the moon according to distance.

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15
Q

Linear perspective?

A

Convergence of parallel lines

they converge at the vanishing point

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16
Q

Aerial?

A

Distant objects are fuzzy due to moisture and particles in the air

17
Q

Texture?

A

Distance means denser and less detailed and closer together

18
Q

Occlusion?

A

Objects that occlude (block view) appear closer

19
Q

What is visual illusions?

A

Cues leading you to an interpretation that is incorrect

20
Q

Name three visual illusions

A

1-Muller Lyer illusion
2-Ponzo illusion
3-Ames room illusion

21
Q

What is muller Lyer illusion?

A

Depth cues suggest it is closer

size constancy causes us to see same size retinal image as larger

22
Q

What is ponzo illusion?

A

Texture and perspective tells you that the image is larger

liner perspective suggests object is further away

23
Q

What is ames room illusion?

A

All depth cues suggest people are the same distance from the observer when they arent

24
Q

Auditory perception:

How do we use our ears to infer where an object is?

A

1- difference in intensity of sound at two ears
and the difference in time it takes to reach each ear. Sound travels slower than light
overall intensity: if its louder it means its closer

25
Q

What is motion perception?

A

When its not perceived: when we see a stable imagine even though our eyes are moving, our perceptual system is compensating for eye movement
When it is perceived: It is necessary to distinguish between the object moving and observer moving
>ears also tell us about motion: discrepancy in the intensity of sound to each ear gives information about movement eg at the movies

26
Q

Name illusions of motion:

A

1-Apparent motion
2-Phi-phenomenon
induced motion and motion after effect

27
Q

What is apparent motion?

A

Perceptual system fills in the gaps on successive motionless images-movies and animation

28
Q

What is phi-phenomenon?

A

Apparent motion produced by a succession of flashing lights eg airport signs

29
Q

Induced motion and motion after effect

A

Induced motion is when objects near a stationary one are moving, make the stationary objects appear to move
motion after: moving forward for some time and then you stop, but the scenery appears to be moving still

30
Q

Perception of form:

what is feature analysis?

A

It is a bottom up approach
different feature detectors activated when stimulus is present which in turn activate different stored representations in memory

31
Q

Gestalt: top down approach:describe

A

‘filling in the gaps’ if pieces are missing, it fills them in using memory.
Perceptually ambiguous figures: flip suddenly and new interpretations are formed>you flip back and forth

32
Q

How are Gestalt’s formed?

A

1) figure and ground distinction: distinction between what stands out and its background
2) grouping:
>proximity
>continuation
>closure

33
Q

Gestalt and problem solving:

A

we can organise a particular problem but it suddenly flips that a new interpretation is obtained
>people can become fixated on one organisation of a problem
>solving: involves a sudden flip>enlightenment

34
Q

Nature v’s nurture:

A

nurture: feature detector cells can be a trained to be more sensitive
perceptual adaption and differentiation: adaptation: stratton
differentiation: experience

nature:
6 months> will not go past visual cliffs, they respond to visual cues
newborns: show preference for shapes that represent a human face

Introduction To Psychology (12 decks)

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