Perception (2022) without studies Flashcards
visual cues
features of the environment that give us information about depth, distance, movement etc.
visual constancies
seeing objects as the same despite seeing them from different angles and distances
name 4 monocular depth cues
Height in plane
Relative size
Occlusion
Linear perspective
define height in plane
Objects higher up in the visual field appear further away
define relative size
Smaller objects in the visual field appear further away
define occlusion
Objects in front of others appear closer, obscured objects appear further away
define linear perspective
Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance
name 2 binocular depth cues
Retinal disparity
Convergence
define retinal disparity
The difference between the left and the right eyes view which the brain receives to provide information about depth and distance
define convergence
Muscles around our eyes work harder when objects are close, this information is sent to the brain to give understand depth and distance
outline Gregory’s constructivist theory
Perception is a construct of both visual cues and inferences
Visual cues = clues
Inferences come from past experience
Visual cues can be interpreted incorrectly leading to a mistaken hypothesis
give 3 evaluation points of Gregory’s constructivist theory
STRENGTH - cross cultural support
WEAKNESS - visual illusions are deliberate
WEAKNESS - doesn’t explain the origin of perception
elaborate strength of Gregory’s constructivist theory (cross cultural support)
Cross cultural support
Studies have found that people in different cultures interpret visual cues differently. Their experiences have influenced their perception.
Therefore the theory can explain cultural differences
elaborate weakness of Gregory’s constructivist theory (visual illusions are deliberate)
Visual illusions are deliberate
Although mistaken hypothesis has been useful, it may not tell us about the real world as visual illusions are designed to fool you
Gibson’s theory may be a better explanation of everyday perception
elaborate weakness of Gregory’s constructivist theory (doesn’t explain origin of perception)
Doesn’t explain origin of perception
Lots of studies suggest that babies have perceptual abilities at birth, indicating not all perception is due to nurture
Gregory’s theory struggles to explain examples of innate perception
define motivation
Refers to the forces that drive your behaviour
For example, hunger is an animal drive state that pushes and animal to seek food
give 3 evaluation points of Gregory’s constructivist theory
STRENGTH - has cross cultural support
WEAKNESS - visual illusions are deliberate
WEAKNESS - doesn’t explain how perception begins
give 3 evaluation points of Gilchrist and Nesburg’s study
STRENGTH - similar studies have found similar results
WEAKNESS - study was not like everyday life
WEAKNESS - studies in this area are unethical
give one strength of Gilchrist and Nesburg’s study
Similar studies had similar results
give two weaknesses of Gilchrist and Nesburg’s study
Studies in this area are unethical
Study was not like everyday life
elaborate weakness of Gilchrist and Nesburg’s study (unlike everyday life)
Unlike everyday life
Participants were asked to judge pictures of food not actual food
This makes the applying the results to real life difficult
elaborate weakness of Gilchrist and Nesburg’s study (studies in this area are unethical)
Studies in this area are unethical
Depriving participants of food and water can cause discomfort. Participants may have underestimated this and stayed to not spoil the study.
This is unfair to do for research
elaborate strength of Gilchrist and Nesburg’s study (similar studies found similar results)
Similar studies found similar results
Sanford deprived participants and showed them ambiguous pictures, the longer they were deprived the more likely they were to see food
This increases the validity of G+N’s study
give 3 evaluation points of Bruner and Minturn’s study
WEAKNESS - ambiguous figure was used
WEAKNESS - independent groups design
STRENGTH - explains perceptual errors
give two weaknesses of Bruner and Minturn’s study
ambiguous figure used
independent groups design
give one strength of Bruner and Minturn’s study
explains perceptual errors
elaborate weakness of a Bruner and Minturn’s study (ambiguous figure used)
Ambiguous figure used
Ambiguous figures are designed to trick participants into making errors. Although there are occasions when we come across things like this in real life (misreading a sign) they are rare
This means the results lack validity
elaborate weakness of Bruner and Minturn’s study (independent groups design)
Independent groups design
People in one group may have been different from people in the other group in important ways e:g their names may have began with B in the letter group.
Therefore participant variables may have altered the conclusions of the study
elaborate strength of Bruner and Minturn’s study (explains perceptual errors)
Explains perceptual errors
Gregory argues that people make hypothesis about what they see and this is influenced by their past experience. The results suggest that expectations do influence perception, explaining errors.
This helps us understand how perceptual errors occur and why
