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GCSE Psychology (AQA) 2022 > LTC (2022) complete > Flashcards

LTC (2022) complete Flashcards

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1
Q

aim of Von Frisch’s bee study

A

To describe bee dances and explain how they are used

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2
Q

method of Von Frisch’s bee study

A

Frisch was an ethologist so mainly observed bees but also did some experiments

He put a food source close to the hive (10-20 metres away) as well as one further away (up to 300m)
He made over 6000 observations of honey bees over 20 years

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3
Q

results of Von Frisch’s bee study

A

Bees did two types of dance: round and waggle

Round dance if food was less than 100m away, returning bee would move around in a circle

Waggle dance - bee would move in a figure of eight and on the straight middle part the bee wags its abdomen
The direction of the straight part tells other bees its direction

The slower the dance the further away the food

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4
Q

conclusion of Von Frisch’s bee study

A

Bees use a sophisticated form of animal communication and the bee dance has evolutionary value

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5
Q

give 3 evaluation points of Von Frisch’s bee study

A

STRENGTH - made an important contribution to science
WEAKNESS - importance of sound was overlooked
WEAKNESS - bees don’t always respond to the waggle dance

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6
Q

elaborate strength of Von Frisch’s bee study (made an important contribution to science)

A

Made an important contribution to science
People knew bees danced but not why
This shows his work was important to ethology and science

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7
Q

elaborate weakness of Von Frisch’s bee study (importance of sound was overlooked)

A

Importance of sound was overlooked
Esch found that when bees performed the dance in silence other bees would not go to the food
Showing Frisch did not consider all communication signals

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8
Q

elaborate weakness of Von Frisch’s bee study (bees don’t always respond to the waggle dance)

A

Bees don’t always respond to the waggle dance
Bees don’t respond when nectar is placed in the middle of a lake
This shows that there may be other factors affecting a bee’s response to the waggle dance

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9
Q

what are the 4 functions of animal communication?

A

Survival
Territory
Reproduction
Food

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10
Q

define communciation

A

The transfer of information from one or more animals to one or more other animals

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11
Q

explain survival as a function of animal communication

A

Communication can be used to increase survival of the offspring

Velvet monkeys use alarm calls to warn each other of predators

Rabbits use non vocal displays to communicate, tail high + ears back

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12
Q

explain territory as a function of animal communication

A

Many animals mark territory by scent marking
spreading urine, faeces or other natural scents to discourage animals from invading territory

White rhinos lay dung in piles to scent mark

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13
Q

explain reproduction as a function of animal communication

A

Mating displays are used to signal to mates that a animals wants to reproduce, they communicate genetic fitness

Male peacocks stretch out their plumage to show colours to females, brighter = healthier

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14
Q

explain food as a function of animal communication

A

Animals use signals to communicate food locations
e:g bee dance

Some animals use pheromones
Ants leave pheromone trails from colony to food source

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15
Q

define displacement

A

The idea that human language enables the discussion of things that aren’t present or exist

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16
Q

give 3 properties of human communication not present in animal communication

A

Planning ahead and discussing future events
Creativity in terms of open and closed systems
Single versus multiple channels

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17
Q

explain planning ahead and discussing future events as a property of human communication and not animal communication

A

Humans can use language to discuss future events and plan ahead
Animals tend to focus on things in the present, they have no displacement

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18
Q

explain creativity as a property of human communication and not animal communication

A

Human language is an open system
Words can be combined in completely new ways
This means humans can create an infinite number of sentences

Animal communication is a closed system as gestures, sounds and movements only refer to specific events

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19
Q

explain single vs multiple channels as a property of human communication and not animal communication

A

Human language is multiple channels as it can be expressed in many different ways
Animal language can only be expressed in one way so single channel

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20
Q

define verbal communication

A

The passing of information to another person using verbal or written words

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21
Q

define non verbal communication

A

All communication not involving spoken or written words such as body language, facial expressions or eye contact

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22
Q

define eye contact

A

When two people look at eachothers eyes at the same time

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23
Q

what are the 3 roles of eye contact in non verbal communication?

A

Regulating flow of conversation
Signalling attraction
Expressing emotion

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24
Q

explain the role of eye contact in regulating flow of conversation

A

Kendon found that speakers looked away when about to talk and gave prolonged eye contact when about to finish
Eye contact encourages turn taking in conversation

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25
Q

explain the role of eye contact in signalling attraction

A

Conway found that people who use eye contact are judged as more attractive even with a negative facial expression

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26
Q

explain the role of eye contact in expressing emotion

A

Adams and Kleck found that emotions of joy and anger were more intensely perceived when someone was gazing directly at them
Fear and sadness more intense when gaze was averted

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27
Q

give 3 evaluation points of eye contact studies

A

STRENGTH - studies can explain autism
WEAKNESS - use of liker scales
WEAKNESS - artificial tasks were used

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28
Q

elaborate strength of eye contact studies (studies can explain autism)

A

Studies can explain autism
Autistic people often have difficulty communicating with others because they don’t use eye contact
Knowing the importance of eye contact means people with autism can be taught these skills

29
Q

elaborate weakness of eye contact studies (use of liker scales)

A

Use of liker scales
Studies in this area rely on people rating their views which are open to bias and interpretation
This suggests studies into eye contact give biased evidence

30
Q

elaborate weakness of eye contact studies (artificial tasks were used)

A

Artificial tasks were used
Kendon asked participants to get to know someone as part of the study
This means the results lack validity as they don’t reflect everyday life

31
Q

define body language

A

The way in which attitudes and feelings are communicated through unspoken movements and gestures

32
Q

what is open posture?

A

Opening your arms and legs, communicates approval and acceptance

33
Q

what is closed posture?

A

Closing your arms an legs, communicates rejection and disapproval

34
Q

what are 3 examples of body language?

A

Open/closed posture
Postural echo
Touch

35
Q

explain the role of open and closed posture

A

McGinley et al found that participants were more likely to agree with a confederate if they had a open posture during discussion than a closed one

36
Q

explain the role of postural echo

A

Postural echo - copying someone’s body position

Tamer and Chartrand found that participants had more positive feelings towards a new drink if the researcher used postural echo in the interview

37
Q

explain the role of touch

A

Touching includes high fives, slapping and putting hand on shoulder

Fisher et al found that students handed books by a librarian who touched them were more positive about the librarian than those who weren’t touched

38
Q

give 3 evaluation points of body language studies

A

STRENGTH - can be applied to the real world
WEAKNESS - studies aren’t well controlled
WEAKNESS - research raises ethical issues

39
Q

elaborate strength of body language studies (can be applied to the real world)

A

Can be applied to the real world
People who are trying to develop a good relationship with others should use an open posture, postural echo and touch
This research can use be useful in real life

40
Q

elaborate weakness of body language studies (studies aren’t well controlled)

A

Studies aren’t well controlled
In Fisher et al’s library study, participants may have liked the librarian for unrelated reasons
This reduces the validity of the results

41
Q

elaborate weakness of body language studies (research raises ethical issues)

A

Research raises ethical issues
Field experiments on postural echo and touch involve a lack of informed consent and it is unclear whether or not participants were debriefed
This could affect the trust people have in psychologists

42
Q

define personal space

A

An invisible and portable bubble that surround each individual
The size of the bubble depends on what situation we are in and who we are with

We feel uncomfortable when it is invaded and move away

43
Q

what are 3 factors affecting personal space preferences?

A

Culture
Gender
Status

44
Q

explain cultural differences in personal space

A

Sommer found that English people’s personal space was 1 - 1.5m whereas Arabs is much less
Englishmen who stood closer were better liked by Arabs

45
Q

explain gender differences in personal space

A

Men prefer a larger social distance when interacting with men than women with women

Fisher and Byrne found that women felt more uncomfortable when a confederate invaded their personal space from the side - men felt uncomfortable when approached from the front

46
Q

explain status differences in personal space

A

Status - someone’s rank within a society or workplace

Zahn found that people with a similar status maintain a closer personal space

47
Q

give 3 evaluation points of personal space studies

A

STRENGTH - this research has proved useful in everyday life
WEAKNESS - research into personal space only looks at one factor at a time
WEAKNESS - studies may use unrepresentative samples

48
Q

elaborate strength of personal space studies (this research has proved useful in everyday life)

A

This research has proved useful in everyday life
Doctors use knowledge about cultural differences in personal space
Therefore it has a positive impact on the real world

49
Q

elaborate weakness of personal space studies (research into personal space only looks at one factor at a time)

A

Research into personal space only looks at one factor at a time
In reality several factors determine personal space at one time
This makes research in this area too simplistic

50
Q

elaborate weakness of personal space studies (studies may use unrepresentative samples)

A

Studies may use unrepresentative samples
It is difficult to use a sample of all a culture or gender
This means results can’t be generalised easily

51
Q

describe the 4 main points of Darwin’s evolutionary theory of NVB

A

Theory of natural selection - genes for beneficial behaviour are more likely to be passed on to the next generation

non-verbal behaviour is evolved and adaptive - non verbal behaviour has evolved as a way of expressing emotion
for example baring teeth in a fight causes animals to get scared and leave so there is no fighting and the animals are more likely to survive - the behaviour is therefore adaptive

comparison with human behaviour - opening your eyes wide indicated surprise because it has developed from animal behaviour where animals open eyes wide to see an escape route and avoid danger

serviceable habits - behaviours that were adaptive to our ancient ancestors such as wrinkling the nose and baring teeth continue to be in use to show how we feel but may not serve the original adaptive purpose

52
Q

define adaptive

A

Any physical or psychological characteristic that enhances the survival and reproduction of a species

53
Q

give 3 evaluation points of Darwin’s evolutionary theory

A

STRENGTH - supported by research into facial expressions
STRENGTH - supported by research with newborns
WEAKNESS - struggles to explain cultural differences in non-verbal communication

54
Q

elaborate strength of Darwin’s evolutionary theory of NVB (supported by research into facial expressions)

A

Supported by research into facial expressions
Ekman et al identified that all people have six primary emotions
If a behaviour is universal then it is in our genes supporting Darwin’s theory

55
Q

elaborate strength of Darwin’s evolutionary theory of NVB (supported by research with newborns)

A

Supported by research with newborns
Babies are born with the ability to smile and maintain eye contact which suggests their innate
If the behaviours are innate then they have naturally selected to help with survival

56
Q

elaborate weakness of Darwin’s evolutionary theory of NVB (struggles to explain cultural differences in NVC)

A

Struggles to explain cultural differences in non-verbal communication
Personal space is expressed in different ways across different cultures suggesting we are not biologically the same
This shows the theory doesn’t explain all non verbal communication

57
Q

define innate

A

Inborn, a product of genes

58
Q

define sensory deprived

A

An animal or human without a particular sensory ability

59
Q

provide evidence for non verbal behaviour being innate

A

If a non verbal behaviour is shown at birth it is likely to be innate
Social releasers are NVB’s such as smiling that encourage someone to look after a baby, this is an adaptive trait

Young babies can also show disgust with lemons
This suggests facial expressions are innate

If a sensory deprived animal shows the same behaviours as a non deprived animal behaviors are innate

60
Q

provide evidence for non verbal behaviour being learned

A

Personal space is different across cultures. People from contact cultures are comfortable with smaller personal space and vice versa

Pointing a finger is acceptable in Western culture to emphasise speech but offensive in Hindu culture, where people point with thumb

Social learning theory can explain cultural differences
People observe behaviours and copy them

61
Q

aim of Yuki’s study of emoticons

A

To investigate if there is a difference in the way facial expressions are perceived across cultures using emoticons

62
Q

method of Yuki’s study of emoticons

A

Independent groups design
95 Japanese students, 118 American students

Each shown six emoticons with different combinations of eyes and mouths (sad, neutral or happy) and asked to rate happiness on a 9 point scale

63
Q

results of Yuki’s study of emoticons

A

Japanese students gave higher ratings to faces with happy eyes but sad mouths

American students gave higher ratings to faces with sad eyes but happy mouths

64
Q

conclusion of Yuki’s study of emoticons

A

Cultural groups interpret facial expressions differently because of norms and expectations

65
Q

give 3 evaluation points of Yuki’s study of emoticons

A

WEAKNESS - the study only investigated two types of emotion
WEAKNESS - used liker scales
WEAKNESS - emoticons do not represent human faces

66
Q

elaborate weakness of Yuki’s study of emoticons (only investigated two types of emotion)

A

The study only investigated two types of emotion
In everyday life, faces are used to express a wide range of emotions not just happiness or sadness
Therefore the study does not provide an full insight into how facial expressions are used across cultures

67
Q

elaborate weakness of Yuki’s study of emoticons (used liker scales)

A

Used liker scales
Emotions are highly complex and liker scales reduce emotions down to a single score
Therefore Yuki may have measured emotions too simply

68
Q

elaborate weakness of Yuki’s study of emoticons (emoticons do not represent human faces)

A

Emoticons do not fully represent human faces
Emoticons used may not have included tell tale lines on people’s faces which help us to interpret their eyes and mouth
This means the results may lack relevance to real life

GCSE Psychology (AQA) 2022 (12 decks)

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