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GCSE Psychology (AQA) 2022 > Memory (2022) > Flashcards

Memory (2022) Flashcards

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1
Q

describe LTM

A

LTM consists of 3 types: episodic, semantic, procedural

split into declarative (episodic and semantic) and non declarative (procedural)

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2
Q

episodic memory

A

memory of events

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3
Q

semantic memory

A

memory of what things mean

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4
Q

procedural memory

A

memory of how to do things

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5
Q

declarative

A

episodic and semantic memory

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6
Q

non declarative

A

procedural memory

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7
Q

give 3 evaluation points of LTM

A

STRENGTH - LTM has specific locations in the brain
STRENGTH - supported by amnesiacs
WEAKNESS - too simple

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8
Q

elaborate strength of LTM (LTM has specific locations in the brain)

A

LTM has specific locations in the brain

Brain scans show that different areas have different functions e:g motor area shows procedural memory

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9
Q

elaborate weakness of LTM (too simple)

A

LTM is too simple

Distinctive types of LTM are difficult to separate so this may be a oversimplification

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10
Q

elaborate strength of LTM (supported by amnesiacs)

A

Supported by amnesiacs
Clive Wearing lost most of his semantic memory but retained his procedural memory
This shows different types of LTM are stored in different places

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11
Q

serial position effect

A

The tendency to remember words at the beginning and end of a list more than the middle
‘Serial position curve’ describes the recall if plotted on a graph

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12
Q

primacy effect

A

The tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list more as they have been rehearsed (LTM)

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13
Q

recency effect

A

The tendency to remember words at the end of a list more as they have been heard recently (STM)

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14
Q

aim of Murdock’s serial position curve study

A

To see if recall was affected by position of words in a list

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15
Q

method of Murdock’s serial position curve study

A

16 participants listened to 20 word lists of varying length (10-40w) and were asked to recall after each list. They were given 90 seconds to recall.

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16
Q

results of Murdock’s serial position curve study

A

Recall was related to position in the list
Higher recall for words at the beginning (primacy)
Higher recall for words at the end of list (recency)

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17
Q

conclusion of Murdock’s serial position curve study

A

Shows the serial position effect and supports MSM

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18
Q

give 3 evaluation points of Murdock’s serial position curve study

A

STRENGTH - lab experiment
STRENGTH - supporting research
WEAKNESS - artificial task

19
Q

elaborate strength of Murdock’s serial position curve study (lab experiment)

A

Lab experiment
There was a high level of control and firm conclusions can be made
Position of words does affect recall

20
Q

elaborate strength of Murdock’s serial position curve study (supporting research)

A

Supporting research
Carlesimo et al found that some amnesiacs can’t store LTM and don’t show a primacy effect
This shows primacy effect is related to LTM

21
Q

elaborate weakness of Murdock’s serial position curve study (artificial task)

A

Artificial task
Word lists were used which only test one type of memory
So the study lacks validity

22
Q

describe the theory of reconstructive memory

A

People build memory as an active process, It isn’t an exact representation of events. We reconstruct memories

We record fragments and recombine them with our expectations

Our expectations come from the culture we live in and affect storage and recall

We use effort after meaning

23
Q

effort after meaning

A

We focus on the meaning of events and make an effort afterwards to make sense of the fragments of memory

24
Q

give 3 evaluation points of the theory of reconstructive memory

A

STRENGTH - more realistic than other theories
WEAKNESS - some memories are still accurate
STRENGTH - can be applied to the real world

25
Q

elaborate strength of the theory of reconstructive memory (more realistic than other theories)

A

More realistic than other theories

Research into reconstructive memory doesn’t use artificial materials so is more valid

26
Q

elaborate weakness of the theory of reconstructive memory (more realistic than other theories)

A

Some memories are still accurate

If some components of memory are still the exact same then not all recall is reconstructed

27
Q

elaborate strength of the theory of reconstructive memory (can be applied to the real world)

A

Can be applied to the real world
In eyewitness testimony people don’t always recall accurately, the theory can explain why
EWT is no longer regarded as solid evidence

28
Q

what are the 3 factors affecting memory?

A

Interference
Context
False memory

29
Q

interference

A

Forgetting may occur if two memories compete with each other, especially if the two are similar

30
Q

give 3 evaluation points of interference affecting memory

A

WEAKNESS - may not be an explanation for forgetting
WEAKNESS - artificial task was used
STRENGTH - research was highly controlled

31
Q

elaborate weakness of interference affecting memory (may not be an explanation for forgetting)

A

May not explain forgetting
Interference may be temporary and information is not actually forgotten. If a cued recall test is given information can be recalled
This shows information is stored in memory but not accessible

32
Q

elaborate weakness of interference affecting memory (artificial task was used)

A

Artificial task was used

This doesn’t reflect real life memory as we don’t have to remember wordlists often

33
Q

elaborate strength of interference affecting memory (research was highly controlled)

A

Research was highly controlled
Techniques such as counterbalancing were used to reduce bias
We can be sure that interference affected memory

34
Q

context

A

The situation in which something happens, can be used as a cue to aid recall

35
Q

give 3 evaluation points of context affecting memory

A

WEAKNESS - only affects very similar situations
WEAKNESS - in research recall was short term
WEAKNESS - artificial task was used

36
Q

elaborate weakness of context affecting memory (only affects very similar situations)

A

Only affects very similar situations
Context only acts as a cue if the learning environment was the same as the recall environment
Therefore context doesn’t affect recall in many situations

37
Q

elaborate weakness of context affecting memory (in research recall was short term)

A

In research recall was short term
Participants asked to recall words almost immediately unlike real life
So results can’t be applied in real life

38
Q

elaborate weakness of context affecting memory (artificial task was used)

A

Artificial task was used

Wordlists were used and when more complex materials were used better results were found

39
Q

false memory

A

Memory of an event that didn’t happen but feels as if it did happen

40
Q

give 3 evaluation points of false memories affecting memory

A

STRENGTH - can be applied to EWT
WEAKNESS - study raises ethical concerns
WEAKNESS - false memory was not of the traumatic kind

41
Q

elaborate strength of context affecting memory (can be applied to EWT)

A

Can be applied to EWT
The results suggest that police questioning could accidentally implant false memories
This can explain why EWT is unreliable

42
Q

elaborate weakness of context affecting memory (study raises ethical concerns)

A

Study raises ethical concerns
Despite being debriefed participants may have been left with implanted false memories which lingered
Therefore the study may have caused psychological harm

43
Q

elaborate weakness of context affecting memory (false memory was not of the traumatic kind)

A

False memory was not of the traumatic kind found in therapy
Harmless events may be implanted easier than traumatic events
Therefore limited conclusions can be drawn

GCSE Psychology (AQA) 2022 (12 decks)

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