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GCSE Psychology (AQA) 2022 > BNP (2022) complete with studies > Flashcards

BNP (2022) complete with studies Flashcards

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1
Q

function of the autonomic nervous system

A

Governs automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate, digestion and our response to stress

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2
Q

define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

such as controlling oxygen levels in the blood through regular breathing

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3
Q

outline the autonomic nervous system

A

Homeostasis
It is an automatic system (does not have to be consciously directed)
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

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4
Q

what is the role of the sympathetic division

A

Represents a state of physiological arousal, increasing breathing rate and heart rate
This is the FIGHT OR FLIGHT response

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5
Q

what is the role of the parasympathetic division

A

Counteracts the actions of the sympathetic division, returning the body to a normal state
This is the REST AND DIGEST response

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6
Q

outline the fight or flight response

A

Brain detects a threat
Adrenaline is released
Fight or flight response occurs
Once the threat has passed rest and digest

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7
Q

what does the James-Lange theory of emotion say

A

Physiological arousal comes first and emotion after

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8
Q

outline the James Lange theory of emotion

A

There is physiological arousal first - the hypothalamus arouses the ANS, adrenaline is released and there is arousal

Emotion afterwards - the brain interprets the physiological activity causing an emotion

For example - meeting a bear in the forest acts as a stressor, muscle tense and heart rate increases, physiological change is interpreted as fear, person runs away

No physical change means no emotion

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9
Q

give 3 evaluation points of James Lange theory

A

STRENGTH - it has real life examples
WEAKNESS - challenged by Cannon Bard theory
WEAKNESS - challenged by 2 factor theory

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10
Q

elaborate strength of James Lange theory (has real life examples)

A

Has real life examples
In phobias, emotional states follow arousal e:g falling down stairs = embarrassment
Shows emotional states are a result of arousal

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11
Q

elaborate weaknesses of James Lange theory (Cannon Bard)

A

Challenged by the Cannon Bard theory
Which states we experience emotional states at the same time as arousal
This can explain some situations that Lange could not

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12
Q

elaborate weakness of James Lange theory (2 factor theory)

A

Challenged by the 2 factor theory
Agrees with Lange but states we also need social cues to help us label the emotion
Therefore the Lange theory doesn’t explain how a person decides what emotion they are feeling

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13
Q

outline the fight or flight response

A

Hypothalamus detects a stressor, triggering the sympathetic division of the ANS
Adrenaline is released into the bloodstream and the ANS shifts from the parasympathetic to the sympathetic state
Engages fight or flight response (physiological arousal)
Once the threat has passed the parasympathetic division is engaged

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of neurones?

A

Sensory
Motor
Relay

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15
Q

describe sensory neuron and its function

A

Carries messages from the PNS to the CNS

Long dendrites and short axons

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16
Q

describe motor neuron and its function

A

Carries messages from the CNS to effectors

Short dendrites and long axons

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17
Q

describe the relay neuron and its function

A

Connect sensory and motor neurons

Short dendrites and short axons

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18
Q

what are the 7 parts of a neuron?

A 
Dendrite
Soma/Cell body
Nucleus
Myelin sheath
Node of Ranvier
Axons
Terminal button
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19
Q

role of axon

A

Carries signals from the cell body down the neuron, covered in myelin sheath

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20
Q

role of myelin sheath

A

Fatty layer of insulation and gaps (nodes of Ranvier) speed up signal

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21
Q

role of dendrites

A

Carry electrical signals from the neighbouring neurons to the cell body

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22
Q

role of terminal buttons

A

End of axons forming part of the synapse

Have vesicles that release neurotransmitters

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23
Q

outline stages of synaptic transmission

A

Release of neurotransmitters
Reuptake of neurotransmitter
Excitation and Inhibition
Summation

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24
Q

detail reuptake of neurotransmitters

A

Once the neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft they attach to the postsynaptic receptor sites of the next neuron

Chemical message turned back into electrical impulse and travels down the neuron
The transmitters in the cleft are broken down by enzymes and reabsorbed.

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25
Q

what do excitatory transmitters do?

A

Excitatory increases positive charge so more likely to fire

26
Q

what do inhibitory transmitters do?

A

Inhibitory increases negative charge so less likely to fire

27
Q

what is summation?

A

When there are more excitatory transmitters than inhibitory transmitters causing the neuron to fire (creating electrical impulses)

28
Q

detail release of neurotransmitters

A

When signals arrive at the terminal button vesicles release neurotransmitters

These travel across the synaptic cleft to the next neuron (postsynaptic)

29
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A

Top layer of the brain, split into 2 hemispheres and 4 lobes

30
Q

what is the frontal lobe?

A

Controls thinking and planning

Contains the motor area which controls movement

31
Q

what is the parietal lobe?

A

Behind the frontal lobe

Contains the somatosensory area - where sensations are processed

32
Q

what is the occipital lobe?

A

At the back of the brain

Contains visual area

33
Q

what is the temporal lobe?

A

Behind the frontal lobe and below the parietal lobe

Contains language and auditory areas - controls speech and learning

34
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A

Receives info from the spinal cord and the brain

Co-ordinates sensorimotor as well as attention and language

35
Q

Order of the parts of the brain

A 
Frontal 
Parietal 
Occipital
Cerebellum 
Temporal

FPOCT

36
Q

what if the motor area is damaged (frontal)?

A

If one hemisphere is damaged the opposite side of the body is damaged

37
Q

what if the somatosensory area is damaged (parietal)?

A

The most sensitive areas of the body take up the most space

If damaged, then pain sensitivity is lowered

38
Q

what if the visual area is damaged (occipital)?

A

Damage to one eye is because of the opposite hemisphere being damaged

39
Q

what if the auditory area is damaged (temporal)?

A

Damage leads to deafness

40
Q

what if the language areas are damaged (temporal)?

A

Usually in left hemisphere

Broca’s area: damage leads to difficulty remembering and forming WORDS

Wernicke’s area: damage leads to difficulty understanding and producing meaningful SPEECH

41
Q

what was the aim of Penfield’s study of the interpretive cortex?

A

To investigate the function of the temporal lobe using the Montreal procedure

42
Q

what is the method of Penfield’s study of the interpretive cortex?

A

Operated on severe epileptics who were conscious
Stimulated areas using Montreal procedure and recorded responses
More than 1000 cases

43
Q

what were the results of Penfield’s study of the interpretive cortex?

A

With stimulation patients recalled experiences of related feelings, including deja vu

Same memory every time same area stimulated

The area stimulated controlled whether or not the experience was relived or feelings felt

44
Q

what was the conclusion of Penfield’s study of the interpretive cortex?

A

Episodic memories are stored in the temporal lobe

An area stores the semantic memories of events - interpretive cortex

45
Q

give 3 evaluation points of Penfield’s study of the interpretive cortex

A

STRENGTH - precise method
WEAKNESS - an unusual sample
WEAKNESS - his later research

46
Q

elaborate strength of Penfield’s study of interpretive cortex? (precise method)

A

A precise method was used
Montreal procedure meant that the same area could be stimulated twice
This enabled him to produce a map of brain function

47
Q

elaborate weakness of Penfield’s study of the interpretive cortex?

A

An unusual sample was used
All participants were severe epileptics meaning the results could be unusual and not reflective of brain function in non epileptic people
This means it is hard to generalise

48
Q

elaborate weakness of Penfield’s study of interpretive cortex (his later research)

A

His later research
40 of 520 participants reported vivid memories when their temporal lobe was stimulated
This suggests the interpretive cortex does not always respond in the same way

49
Q

define CT scans

A

Doughnut shaped scanner that rotates and takes many X-rays, combined to make one picture

50
Q

evaluate CT scans

A

STRENGTH - higher quality than single X ray as more detailed and many more pictures

WEAKNESS - exposes participants to significant radiation and produced still images

51
Q

define PET scans

A

Patient injected with radioactive tracer. Brain activity shown on computer screen

52
Q

evaluate PET scans

A

STRENGTH - shows the brain in action and localisation of function
WEAKNESS - expensive and may be unethical due to radiation exposure

53
Q

define fMRI scan

A

Measures changes in blood oxygen levels. Displayed as a 3D image

54
Q

evaluate fMRI scans

A

STRENGTH - superior to other methods as produces clear images without radiation
WEAKNESS - patients has to remain very still during scan so difficult to conduct

55
Q

what was the aim of Tulving’s ‘gold memory’ study

A

To investigate if episodic memories produce different blood flow patterns to semantic ones

56
Q

what was the method of Tulving’s ‘gold memory’ study

A

6 participants injected with radioactive gold
Repeated measures design used for each type of memory (3 episodic, 3 semantic)
Blood flow monitored using PET scan

57
Q

what were the results of Tulving’s ‘gold memory’ study

A

Different blood flow in half of the participants
Episodic memories stored in frontal and temporal lobes
Semantic memories stored in parietal and occipital lobes

58
Q

what are the conclusions of Tulving’s ‘gold memory’ study

A

Episodic and semantic memories are localised. Memory is biological

59
Q

give 3 evaluation points of Tulving’s ‘gold memory’ study

A

STRENGTH - it produced objective,scientific evidence
WEAKNESS - the sample
WEAKNESS - episodic and semantic memories are similar

60
Q

elaborate strength of Tulving’s ‘gold memory’ study (objective, scientific evidence)

A

Produced objective, scientific evidence
Evidence from brain scans is difficult to fake unlike other psychological evidence which is easier to alter
This means he produced unbiased evidence

61
Q

elaborate weakness of Tulving’s ‘gold memory’ study (the sample)

A

The sample
Only 6 participants including Tulving’s were used and only half had different blood flow for each type of memory
This makes the results inconclusive

62
Q

elaborate weakness of Tulving’s ‘gold memory’ study (episodic and semantic memories are similar)

A

Episodic and semantic memories are similar
Memories about events often include facts and knowledge about the world so it is difficult to work out which type of memory is being studied
This explains the inconclusive evidence found

GCSE Psychology (AQA) 2022 (12 decks)

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