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intro to psych (1 & 2) > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

how is the world perceived?

A

using our sensory organs

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2
Q

what is the process of perception?

A

the transduction of sensory signals to the CNS

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3
Q

what is transduction?

A

converting sensory info into neural impulses which can be processed by the NS

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4
Q

what are the five senses?

A
  1. olfaction
  2. gustation
  3. auditory
  4. visual
  5. tactile
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5
Q

what is in charge of the sense of balance and what is the sense’s name?

A

vestibular system (inner ear) and the balance system = equilibrioception

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6
Q

what is the name of the awareness of where our body and limbs are located?

A

proprioception

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7
Q

what is colour after effects?

A

when the brain perceives something contrary to the info being supplied to the senses and is caused by sensory adaptation

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8
Q

what is the phenomenon called where the sensation of movement is felt by the body but is only stimulated by vision?

A

vection

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9
Q

what is agnosia?

A

absence of knowledge

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10
Q

what is are the 5 tastes?

A

sweet, salty, bitter, umami, sour

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11
Q

what are the lumps on the tongue called and what are their function?

A

papillae
they allow for us to taste

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12
Q

what is the primary gustatory cortex called?

A

insular cortex

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13
Q

what is unique about the olfactory system?

A

smell info is sent straight to the olfactory bulb and bypasses the thalamus

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14
Q

what triggers the sense of smell?

A

receptors in the olfactory epithelium

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15
Q

what is somatosensation?

A

sensory experiences that provides info about the body and its interaction with the environment. includes, touch and pain

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16
Q

where are the receptors for somatosensation located?

A

muscles, ligaments, tendons, joints, skin

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17
Q

what form of receptors correlate with mechanical stimulus and help with somatosensation?

A

mechanoreceptors

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18
Q

what senses potentially harmful or damaging stimuli?

A

nociceptors

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19
Q

do places with more touch sensitivity have larger or smaller dedicated sections within the somatosensory cortex?

A

larger

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20
Q

where is the vestibular system located?

A

inner ear next to the cochlear

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21
Q

why does the vestibular system help with balance?

A

because of the three semicircular canals at slightly different angles and the fluid within the canals send signals to the CNS.

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22
Q

what reflex does the vestibular system drive to help keep the world stable despite head movement?

A

reflexive eye movements

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23
Q

what are the six degrees of freedom and which movements does each entail

A

x axis: forwards and backwards
y-axis: left and right
z-xis: up and down

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24
Q

what is pitch determined by? How is higher pitch formed?

A

the frequency of the sound wave. higher pitch = high frequency

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25
Q

what is loudness determined by? how is a quieter sound formed?

A

amplitude. a quieter sound is a lower amplitude

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26
Q

what components are located in the inner ear?

A

cochlear, vestibular system, ossicles, malleus, incus, stapes

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27
Q

what is the name of the nerves that transport vestibular and hearing info?

A

vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve

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28
Q

what happens once the sound wave enters the ear canal?

A

then causes the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to vibrate, causing the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) to vibrate and move the basilar membrane

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29
Q

what are the names of the front and back end of the cochlea?

A

basal end and apical end

30
Q

what frequency causes maximal vibrations as the Basal end?

A

high

31
Q

what side of the cochlear does lower frequency cause maximal vibration at?

A

apical end

32
Q

where do the nerve impulses travel to from the cochlear?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

33
Q

what are the mechanisms that allow for sound localisation?

A

interaural time differences (ITDs) and interaural intensity differences (IIDs)

34
Q

what is the visual range?

A

the distance to an object that can be seen by unaided eyes

35
Q

what is spatial resolution?

A

smallest distance two objects can be separated and still be distinguished from another

36
Q

what is temporal resolution?

A

ability of the visual system to resolve rapid changes in light sensitivity over time or resolve fast moving objects

37
Q

what focuses light onto the retina?

A

the lens

38
Q

what converts light into electrical signals that travel along the optic nerve?

A

photoreceptors

39
Q

what are the two forms of photoreceptors?

A

rods and cones

40
Q

what are rods function?

A

they allow for us to see in low light conditions

41
Q

what is the function of cones?

A

stimulated by more light so they allow for colour vision

42
Q

what are the three types of cones?

A

red, green, blue

43
Q

what type of cone is receptive to each wavelength?

A

blue = short
green = medium
red = long

44
Q

where are rods and cones found?

A

retina

45
Q

what type of cells axons form the optic nerve?

A

ganglion cells

46
Q

what area of the eye contains the most cones?

A

fovea

47
Q

what is stereopsis?

A

depth perception. which is being able to see in 3D and how far away things are

48
Q

what causes the blind spot in the human eye?

A

optic nerve piercing the retina

49
Q

where does the cross over of the optic nerves occur?

A

optic chiasm

50
Q

if visual info is only taken from the right eye, what side hemisphere is it processed in?

A

left hemisphere

51
Q

which is more light sensitive rods or cones?

A

rods

52
Q

do rods or cones have more neural convergence and what does neural convergence decrease?

A

rods have more neural convergence and it causes the decrease of resolution

53
Q

what is neural convergence?

A

when the photoreceptors send signals to few ganglion cells, so many rods will send signals to the same ganglion cell

54
Q

what is an on centre receptive field?

A

certain neurons are most active when the centre of the field is exposed to light

55
Q

what is an off centre receptive field?

A

certain neurons are most active when the centre is in darkness but the surround is lit

56
Q

what happens to neurons with centre surround antagonism?

A

they are most excited when their central regions is stimulated. stimulation in the surrounding areas which reduce activity

57
Q

what is the LGN and where is it located? what is its purpose?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus and is found in the thalamus. serves as a relay station of visual info

58
Q

what is the name for the primary visual cortex and where is it located?

A

V1 in the occipital lobe

59
Q

what is sensory adaptation?

A

when the first detection of stimulus is the greatest and then decreases after repeated exposure

60
Q

what is weber’s law?

A

the greater the stimulus, the bigger the change needs to be for a change in stimulus intensity to be noticed

61
Q

what does having a large amount of photoreceptors increase?

A

visual acuity (to see in fine detail)

62
Q

what is opponent process theory?

A

we perceive colours in terms of three pairs of opponent cells/colours

63
Q

what is visual agnosia?

A

deficit in perceiving objects

64
Q

what is the technical term for the ear drum?

A

tympanic membrane

65
Q

do small or large nerve fibres react to pain and then send pain information to the brain?

A

small nerve fibres

66
Q

what is parallel processing?

A

attending to many sense modalities simultaneously

67
Q

what is perceptual constancy?

A

perceiving stimuli concisely across varied conditions

68
Q

what are the two kinds of cues used to gauge depth?

A

monocular depth cues, motion parallax

69
Q

what is the motion parallax?

A

ability to judge the distance of moving objects from their speed

70
Q

what is the name of moving reflexively focusing on objects and using our eye muscles to turn the eyes inwards

A

convergence

intro to psych (1 & 2) (11 decks)

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