Developmental psychology Flashcards
what are the 2 continuities of individuals?
- temperament and personality traits
- attachment from infancy to adulthood
who are the most influential to child development?
parents
what is maturation in motor development and an example of it?
emergence of genetically programmed behaviours that are crucial for motor development
example: crawling to walking
what factor can increase the rate of the developmental milestone of crawling to walking? and why?
postural stimulation, which arises from using slings, or methods that are more upright. it increases head control, balance, and trunk stability
why is tummy time important for babies?
promotes motor development
what theory of development states that human behaviour arises through interaction of various personality components? Who was its founder/s?
psychoanalytic theory and was developed by Freud
what is cognitive development theory? Who was its founder/s?
states that intelligence grows as they age and there is a progressive reorganisation of their mental processes which is influenced by the environment and maturation
founders: Kohlberg, Piaget
what theory believes that human development is the interplay between individuals experiences, actions of others, and environmental factors? Who was its founder/s?
social cognitive theory
founders: Bandura
what is ethological theory? Who was its founder/s?
it focuses on how behaviour changes can enhance survival
founders: Ainsworth and Bowlby (theories of attachment)
what is psychosocial theory? Who was its founder/s?
highlights changes in self-concept, social relationships and ones role in society from infancy to old age
founders: erik erikson and joan erikson
what is an agent that causes birth defects or disrupts development called? When do these cause the most harm?
teratogens
harm: sensitive period
what are examples of teratogens?
radiation, chemicals, alcohol, drugs, nicotine
what period is the sensitive period?
the embryonic period which is 0-8 weeks
do the type of experiences that babies/toddlers are exposed to affect development and why?
yes. this is because neurological development happens during 1-3yrs
what is equilibration? (social cognitive theory)
when children begin to assimilate more than they accomodate
what is assimilation?
fitting experiences into what is already known/existing schemas
what is accomodation?
when an experience does not fit with a schema so they create a new schema to accomodate the info
what are Piaget’s four stages of intellectual growth?
- sensori-motor intelligence
- preoperational period
- concrete operations
- formal operations
what is the key feature of the sensori-motor intelligence stage?
object permanence
what are key features of the preoperational period?
conservation, symbolic representation and egocentrism
what are the key features of the concrete operations stage?
logical thinking with physical objects. so they perform mental operations. dont understand abstract concepts
what are the key features of the formal operations stage?
abstract reasoning and hypothetical reasoning/understanding
what is the bidirectional impact of child development?
the dynamic exchange between individuals and their environment
what is the difference between sex and gender?
sex is biological and can be determined by the environment and psych factors. gender is purely psychological
what is a gender stereotype?
belief about behaviours and activities that are suitable for each gender
what i
what is an example of gendered practice?
activity choice: such as boys playing with guns, cars and footballs while girls play with dolls, playhouses, or things inspiring nurturing
what is the difference of parental perceptions of toddler boys and girls?
boys are seen as stronger, larger features and more coordination
girls are seen to be weaker, finer features and have less coordination
what is the jack in the box experiment and what were the findings?
a baby reacted to a jack in the box and parents were either told the baby was a boy or a girl
if the parents were told the baby was a boy they encouraged the baby to be independent by being less nurturing and saw its reaction as angry
if the parents were told it was a girl they were more supportive and comforting. they saw the reaction as fear
when entering childhood what are their gender beliefs?
they have many stereotypes about sex differences, prefer same-sex playmates, and prefer gender stereotypical activities
what is a gender belief difference of adolescence and childhood?
in adolescence boys and girls will come together more frequently
what is a feature of gender belief within adolescents and what stimulates this?
they start to develop more complex identities which is brought about by biological and social pressures
what are the 4 gender theories?
psychoanalytic theory, biological basis, cognitive development, gender schema theory
what does psychoanalytic theory focus on?
identification with the same-sex parent during the phallic stage
what does the gender theory of biological basis focus on?
chromosomal differences, hormone and gender differences maximising reproductive success
what is the gender theory of cognitive development focused on?
how children’s understanding of gender developed through stages
what are the gender theory cognitive development theory stages? who thought of this?
- gender identity: recognising themselves as either a boy or girl
- gender stability: understanding gender is stable over time
- gender consistency: gender remains the same regardless of changes in activities or appearance
Founder: Kohlberg
what is gender schema theory?
children learn about gender and cultural norms through schemas, which also guides understanding and behaviour
what does the gender theory social cognitive theory focus on?
looks at observational learning, modelling, imitation to acquire gender roles. children learn by observing others and the consequences of actions
what are the 4 components of social cognitive theory (gender theory)?
- attention: noticing gender specific behaviours
retention: remembering behaviours
reproduction: reproducing behaviours
motivation: being motivated to imitate the behaviour (reinforced through rewards or punishments)
what is triadic reciprocal determinism?
looks at how three factors interact and influence each other and its affects on behaviour
what are the three factors of the triadic reciprocal determinism?
- behaviour (actions and responses of an individual)
- personal (individual beliefs, expectation, self-perception)
- environment (external aspects that influence behaviour)
what is pro-social behaviour (in moral conduct)?
“what to do”. so positive social behaviour
what are Piagets stages of moral development? what does each stage mean?
- morality of constraint: children judge morality based on consequences
- morality of cooperation: children base behaviour on intentions
what is Kohlberg’s stages of moral development? what does each stage mean?
- pre-conventional morality: focused on satisfying personal needs, avoiding punishment and getting a reward
- conventional morality: focused on social approval and adherence to social conventions
- post-conventional morality: focuses on abstract principles of justice and internalised ethics
what is Bandura’s concept or moral disengagement?
selective activation and deactivation of internal moral controls -> so knowing that actions are wrong but still choosing to engage in it but needing moral disengagement to retain positive self-image
what is social cognition?
process of children understanding others and their perspectives
and what age to children recognise themselves in a mirror?
18 months
what is the theory of mind and what experiment was used to demonstrate it in kids?
theory of mind: understanding others may think differently and understanding that they will guide their behaviour -> recognising that others have their own minds
experiment: broccoli and goldfish experiment
what is a false belief? What study demonstrated this?
realisation that others can have convictions about reality that are not true. people will act in accordance with their beliefs
experiment: Sally-anne task
what is Bowlby’s theory of attachment?
looks at the innate attachment of child and caregiver as attachment is an innate system which ensures a child’s safety and protection through proximity. caregivers have an innate behave to keep child safe and happy
what is a safe haven and secure base in attachment theory?
safe haven: the role a caregiver gives by being a place where a child can return to when upset
secure base: caregiver provides foundation for the child to explore the world, so they can develop independence and autonomy
what are the three attachments styles and their characteristics?
secure attachment: child can flexibility go from activating attachment system to resuming exploration when comforted by caregiver
insecure avoidant attachment: tendency towards exploration at expense of closeness. so will continue playing even while attachment system is activated
insecure anxious-ambivalent attachment: child is preoccupied with maintaining proximity to caregiver at the expense of play and exploration. contact is not enough to calm them
what procedure involved mothers playing with their children and then displaying blank faces? What does this cause the baby to do?
still face procedure
babies become distressed and try and get mother to engage again by using ways the mother commonly interacts with them
what are Baumrind’s 4 parenting styles and what are they characterised by?
- authoritative: high warmth, high control
- authoritarian: low warmth, high control
- permissive: high warmth, low control
- uninvolved: low warmth, low control
what are Erikson’s first 4 stages of psychosocial development?
- infancy: trust versus mistrust
- toddlerhood: autonomy versus shame and guilt
- early childhood: initiative versus guilt
- middle childhood: industry versus inferiority
what are Erikson’s last 4 stages of psychosocial development?
- adolescence: identity versus role confusion
- young adulthood: intimacy versus isolation
- adulthood: generativity versus stagnation
- ageing: ego integrity versus dispair
what is a normative life event?
events/milestones that occur to most people in their lifetime
what is an off time normative event?
events that occur at an unexpected time of life
what is an on time normative event?
events/milestones that occur at typical or expected life points
what is a normative life event?
unexpected events that can have impacts on a person
do old people gain more crystallised intelligence or fluid intelligence?
crystallised
what is ageism?
stereotyping or discriminating against others because of age
