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intro to psych (1 & 2) > Developmental psychology > Flashcards

Developmental psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 continuities of individuals?

A
  1. temperament and personality traits
  2. attachment from infancy to adulthood
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2
Q

who are the most influential to child development?

A

parents

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3
Q

what is maturation in motor development and an example of it?

A

emergence of genetically programmed behaviours that are crucial for motor development

example: crawling to walking

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4
Q

what factor can increase the rate of the developmental milestone of crawling to walking? and why?

A

postural stimulation, which arises from using slings, or methods that are more upright. it increases head control, balance, and trunk stability

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5
Q

why is tummy time important for babies?

A

promotes motor development

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6
Q

what theory of development states that human behaviour arises through interaction of various personality components? Who was its founder/s?

A

psychoanalytic theory and was developed by Freud

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7
Q

what is cognitive development theory? Who was its founder/s?

A

states that intelligence grows as they age and there is a progressive reorganisation of their mental processes which is influenced by the environment and maturation

founders: Kohlberg, Piaget

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8
Q

what theory believes that human development is the interplay between individuals experiences, actions of others, and environmental factors? Who was its founder/s?

A

social cognitive theory
founders: Bandura

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9
Q

what is ethological theory? Who was its founder/s?

A

it focuses on how behaviour changes can enhance survival

founders: Ainsworth and Bowlby (theories of attachment)

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10
Q

what is psychosocial theory? Who was its founder/s?

A

highlights changes in self-concept, social relationships and ones role in society from infancy to old age

founders: erik erikson and joan erikson

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11
Q

what is an agent that causes birth defects or disrupts development called? When do these cause the most harm?

A

teratogens

harm: sensitive period

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12
Q

what are examples of teratogens?

A

radiation, chemicals, alcohol, drugs, nicotine

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13
Q

what period is the sensitive period?

A

the embryonic period which is 0-8 weeks

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14
Q

do the type of experiences that babies/toddlers are exposed to affect development and why?

A

yes. this is because neurological development happens during 1-3yrs

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15
Q

what is equilibration? (social cognitive theory)

A

when children begin to assimilate more than they accomodate

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16
Q

what is assimilation?

A

fitting experiences into what is already known/existing schemas

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17
Q

what is accomodation?

A

when an experience does not fit with a schema so they create a new schema to accomodate the info

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18
Q

what are Piaget’s four stages of intellectual growth?

A
  1. sensori-motor intelligence
  2. preoperational period
  3. concrete operations
  4. formal operations
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19
Q

what is the key feature of the sensori-motor intelligence stage?

A

object permanence

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20
Q

what are key features of the preoperational period?

A

conservation, symbolic representation and egocentrism

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21
Q

what are the key features of the concrete operations stage?

A

logical thinking with physical objects. so they perform mental operations. dont understand abstract concepts

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22
Q

what are the key features of the formal operations stage?

A

abstract reasoning and hypothetical reasoning/understanding

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23
Q

what is the bidirectional impact of child development?

A

the dynamic exchange between individuals and their environment

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24
Q

what is the difference between sex and gender?

A

sex is biological and can be determined by the environment and psych factors. gender is purely psychological

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25
Q

what is a gender stereotype?

A

belief about behaviours and activities that are suitable for each gender

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26
Q

what i

A
27
Q

what is an example of gendered practice?

A

activity choice: such as boys playing with guns, cars and footballs while girls play with dolls, playhouses, or things inspiring nurturing

28
Q

what is the difference of parental perceptions of toddler boys and girls?

A

boys are seen as stronger, larger features and more coordination
girls are seen to be weaker, finer features and have less coordination

29
Q

what is the jack in the box experiment and what were the findings?

A

a baby reacted to a jack in the box and parents were either told the baby was a boy or a girl

if the parents were told the baby was a boy they encouraged the baby to be independent by being less nurturing and saw its reaction as angry

if the parents were told it was a girl they were more supportive and comforting. they saw the reaction as fear

30
Q

when entering childhood what are their gender beliefs?

A

they have many stereotypes about sex differences, prefer same-sex playmates, and prefer gender stereotypical activities

31
Q

what is a gender belief difference of adolescence and childhood?

A

in adolescence boys and girls will come together more frequently

32
Q

what is a feature of gender belief within adolescents and what stimulates this?

A

they start to develop more complex identities which is brought about by biological and social pressures

33
Q

what are the 4 gender theories?

A

psychoanalytic theory, biological basis, cognitive development, gender schema theory

34
Q

what does psychoanalytic theory focus on?

A

identification with the same-sex parent during the phallic stage

35
Q

what does the gender theory of biological basis focus on?

A

chromosomal differences, hormone and gender differences maximising reproductive success

36
Q

what is the gender theory of cognitive development focused on?

A

how children’s understanding of gender developed through stages

37
Q

what are the gender theory cognitive development theory stages? who thought of this?

A
  1. gender identity: recognising themselves as either a boy or girl
  2. gender stability: understanding gender is stable over time
  3. gender consistency: gender remains the same regardless of changes in activities or appearance

Founder: Kohlberg

38
Q

what is gender schema theory?

A

children learn about gender and cultural norms through schemas, which also guides understanding and behaviour

39
Q

what does the gender theory social cognitive theory focus on?

A

looks at observational learning, modelling, imitation to acquire gender roles. children learn by observing others and the consequences of actions

40
Q

what are the 4 components of social cognitive theory (gender theory)?

A
  1. attention: noticing gender specific behaviours
    retention: remembering behaviours
    reproduction: reproducing behaviours
    motivation: being motivated to imitate the behaviour (reinforced through rewards or punishments)
41
Q

what is triadic reciprocal determinism?

A

looks at how three factors interact and influence each other and its affects on behaviour

42
Q

what are the three factors of the triadic reciprocal determinism?

A
  1. behaviour (actions and responses of an individual)
  2. personal (individual beliefs, expectation, self-perception)
  3. environment (external aspects that influence behaviour)
43
Q

what is pro-social behaviour (in moral conduct)?

A

“what to do”. so positive social behaviour

44
Q

what are Piagets stages of moral development? what does each stage mean?

A
  1. morality of constraint: children judge morality based on consequences
  2. morality of cooperation: children base behaviour on intentions
45
Q

what is Kohlberg’s stages of moral development? what does each stage mean?

A
  1. pre-conventional morality: focused on satisfying personal needs, avoiding punishment and getting a reward
  2. conventional morality: focused on social approval and adherence to social conventions
  3. post-conventional morality: focuses on abstract principles of justice and internalised ethics
46
Q

what is Bandura’s concept or moral disengagement?

A

selective activation and deactivation of internal moral controls -> so knowing that actions are wrong but still choosing to engage in it but needing moral disengagement to retain positive self-image

47
Q

what is social cognition?

A

process of children understanding others and their perspectives

48
Q

and what age to children recognise themselves in a mirror?

A

18 months

49
Q

what is the theory of mind and what experiment was used to demonstrate it in kids?

A

theory of mind: understanding others may think differently and understanding that they will guide their behaviour -> recognising that others have their own minds

experiment: broccoli and goldfish experiment

50
Q

what is a false belief? What study demonstrated this?

A

realisation that others can have convictions about reality that are not true. people will act in accordance with their beliefs

experiment: Sally-anne task

51
Q

what is Bowlby’s theory of attachment?

A

looks at the innate attachment of child and caregiver as attachment is an innate system which ensures a child’s safety and protection through proximity. caregivers have an innate behave to keep child safe and happy

52
Q

what is a safe haven and secure base in attachment theory?

A

safe haven: the role a caregiver gives by being a place where a child can return to when upset
secure base: caregiver provides foundation for the child to explore the world, so they can develop independence and autonomy

53
Q

what are the three attachments styles and their characteristics?

A

secure attachment: child can flexibility go from activating attachment system to resuming exploration when comforted by caregiver

insecure avoidant attachment: tendency towards exploration at expense of closeness. so will continue playing even while attachment system is activated

insecure anxious-ambivalent attachment: child is preoccupied with maintaining proximity to caregiver at the expense of play and exploration. contact is not enough to calm them

54
Q

what procedure involved mothers playing with their children and then displaying blank faces? What does this cause the baby to do?

A

still face procedure

babies become distressed and try and get mother to engage again by using ways the mother commonly interacts with them

55
Q

what are Baumrind’s 4 parenting styles and what are they characterised by?

A
  1. authoritative: high warmth, high control
  2. authoritarian: low warmth, high control
  3. permissive: high warmth, low control
  4. uninvolved: low warmth, low control
56
Q

what are Erikson’s first 4 stages of psychosocial development?

A
  1. infancy: trust versus mistrust
  2. toddlerhood: autonomy versus shame and guilt
  3. early childhood: initiative versus guilt
  4. middle childhood: industry versus inferiority
57
Q

what are Erikson’s last 4 stages of psychosocial development?

A
  1. adolescence: identity versus role confusion
  2. young adulthood: intimacy versus isolation
  3. adulthood: generativity versus stagnation
  4. ageing: ego integrity versus dispair
58
Q

what is a normative life event?

A

events/milestones that occur to most people in their lifetime

59
Q

what is an off time normative event?

A

events that occur at an unexpected time of life

60
Q

what is an on time normative event?

A

events/milestones that occur at typical or expected life points

61
Q

what is a normative life event?

A

unexpected events that can have impacts on a person

62
Q

do old people gain more crystallised intelligence or fluid intelligence?

A

crystallised

63
Q

what is ageism?

A

stereotyping or discriminating against others because of age

intro to psych (1 & 2) (11 decks)

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