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intro to psych (1 & 2) > biospsychology > Flashcards

biospsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the nervous system divided into?

A

central and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of and what does it do?

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord
the brain is the command centre for the nervous system and coordinates bodily functions, processing info and making decisions

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3
Q

what does the peripheral NS contain and do?

A

it contains nerves outside of the CNS and has two sub-branches

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4
Q

what are the two subbranches of the PNS?

A

autonomic and somatic

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5
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do?

A

carries messages from the CNS to muscles throughout the body, controlling body movement. the brain triggers the movement but the somatic nervous system conducts it

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6
Q

what nervous system has two sub-branches within the PNS?

A

autonomic NS
sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

controls the 4 f’s, flight, fight, fright and fornicate. so it activates the fight or flight response

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8
Q

which NS is incharge of the rest and digest function?

A

the parasympathetic NS

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9
Q

what do neurons do?

A

are specialised cells that facilitate communication within the brain -> intercellular communcaiton

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10
Q

what are the main components of a neuron?

A

axon, soma, axon hillock, dendrites, myelin sheath, axon terminals, terminal buttons (on the ends of dendrites)

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11
Q

what allows for faster signals to be sent along the axon?

A

myelin sheath

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12
Q

what is the synapse?

A

is the gap between two connective neurons (also the synapse cleft)

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13
Q

what part of the neuron cannot be damaged otherwise it leads to neuron death

A

Soma

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14
Q

what are the spheres within the axon that release neurotransmitters? and what unlocks them

A

synaptic vesicles
calcium unlocks them

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15
Q

what are glial cells?

A

they are nerve cells that allow for the formation of the blood brain barrier, myelin sheath, respond to injury, remove debris and enhance learning and memory

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16
Q

what is the oligodendrocyte?

A

a glial cell that aids with promoting new connections among nerve cells and release chemicals to aid in healing

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17
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

glial cells within the BBB, and allow for better communication amongst neurons, control blood flow in the brain

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18
Q

how are neurotransmitters removed?

A

removed by enzymes or transported back to the synaptic cleft within terminal buttons by transporter proteins for recycling

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19
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of the axon?

A

-70mV and is caused by negative proteins and ions

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20
Q

what is the activation threshold for action potentials

A

-55Mv

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21
Q

once the firing threshold is met what occurs?

A

depolarisation (the entering of sodium ions rapidly

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22
Q

what is the stimulus for action potentials?

A

neurotransmitters

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23
Q

what gates open at -55mV and what happens?

A

the sodium and potassium gates open. sodium floods in and potassium leaves

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24
Q

how many potassiums are let in and how many sodiums are let out by sodium-potassium pumps?

A

3 sodiums are kicked out and one potassium is let in during resting potential

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25
Q

what are the stages of an action potential?

A

resting potential, stimulus, firing threshold is met (-50mV), depolarisation, action potential, repolarisation and absolute refractory period, hyperpolarisation and relative refractory period, resting potential

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26
Q

what is the absolute refractory period?

A

occurs after an action potential is fired and another action potential cannot be fired

27
Q

what is the lock and key model of neurotransmission?

A

neurotransmitters have to fit the receptor site to unlock the sodium channels causing depolarisation

28
Q

what is an agonist?

A

enhance receptor site activity or drugs mimic their function

29
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

decrease receptor site activity, inhibit neurotransmitter functions

30
Q

what is neural plasticity?

A

the nervous systems ability to reshape or reconnect neural interconnections

31
Q

what is synaptogenesis?

A

formation of new synapses

32
Q

what is neurogenesis?

A

formation of new neurons in the adult brain

33
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

post synaptic neurons receive excitatory signals from other neurons

34
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

pre synaptic neuron sends excitatory signals to other neurons

35
Q

what does serotonin do? what can too little and too much do? is it inhibitory or excitatory?

A

regulates mood, hunger and sleep
too much: hallucinations
too little depression and mood disorder
inhibitory

36
Q

what does dopamine do? what can too little and too much do? is it inhibitory or excitatory?

A

regulates mood, emotion, arousal
too much: schizophrenia and addictions
too little: Parkinson’s

37
Q

what does acetylcholine do? what can too little and too much do? is it inhibitory or excitatory?

A

muscle function, learning and memory, attention
too much: muscle problems
too little alzheimers

38
Q

what does glutamate do? And what can too much do? is it inhibitory or excitatory?

A

excitatory and increases likelihood of neurons talking to eachother, helps with learning and memory
too much: linked with schizophrenia

39
Q

what does GABA do? is it inhibitory or excitatory?

A

inhibitory
plays a role in anxiety, learning, memory and sleep.

40
Q

what bathes the brain and spinal cord to provide nutrients and provide cushioning for injuries?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

41
Q

what are stem cells?

A

unspecialised cells that have the potential to become specialised

42
Q

what does the basal ganglia do?

A

motor control and decision making

43
Q

if there damage to the basal ganglia what disorders occur?

A

schizophrenia and parkinsons

44
Q

what is apart of the limbic system?

A

hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus

45
Q

what does the limbic system do?

A

emotional processing and motivation

46
Q

thalamus function?

A

conveys sensory info to cortex

47
Q

hypothalamus function?

A

oversees endocrine and autonomic NS

48
Q

amygdala function?

A

regulates arousal and fear

49
Q

hippocampus function?

A

memory, spatial location, and emotion

50
Q

people with ptsd have miscommunication between what?

A

amygdala and hippocampus

51
Q

what is within the hindbrain?

A

reticular activating system, brain stem, cerebellum

52
Q

what is the function of the hind brain?

A

allows for homeostasis of involuntary fucntions and relays motor info from brain to spinal cord

53
Q

what does the spinal cord do?

A

allows for communication between brain and body

54
Q

how does the two-way central nervous system work?

A

sensory info is carried through sensory nerves to the brain, and motor nerves carry down the motor command

55
Q

what are interneurons and what do they allow?

A

they connect sensory and motor nerves within the spinal cord without having to report back to the brain, allows for reflexes

56
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A

works with the nervous system to release hormones (molecules) into the bloodstream

57
Q

what are hormones released from?

A

glands

58
Q

are hormones long last or short lasting?

A

long lasting because they are carried through the blood vessels

59
Q

what is the pituitary gland and what does it do?

A

controls other glands in the body
controlled by the hypothalamus
releases hormones that regulate growth, control BP, and water retainment in kidneys

60
Q

what is oxytocin?

A

hormone released by pituitary gland
responsible for love (romantic and maternal), and stretching out cervix during birth

61
Q

what do the adrenal glands do?

A

manufactures adrenaline hormones and cortisol

62
Q

what does adrenaline do?

A

boosts energy production in muscles

63
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

increases response to physical and psychological stressors, regulates BP, body’s use of proteins carbs and fats, and heart function

64
Q

what hormone causes high levels of anxiety and children with low levels have conduct issues?

A

cortisol

65
Q

what sexual hormones are linked to females and their sex glands?

A

ovaries, and oestrogen

66
Q

what sexual hormones are linked to males and their sex glands?

A

testosterone, testes

intro to psych (1 & 2) (11 decks)

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