People to Know

Question 1

Bandura

Answer 1

Expectancy-Value Theory: the choices people make as a product of whether they think they can do an activity and how much they value it.

Question 2

Franciscus Cornelius Donders

Answer 2

Argued that the speed of higher mental operations can be measured. Subtraction method: used human reaction time to infer differences in cognitive processing (ex: The Stroop Test). He invented the Chronometer that measures reaction time.

Question 3

Willhelm Wundt

Answer 3

Father of experimental psychology. Studied conscious experience: perception, attention, memory.

Question 4

John Watson

Answer 4

Behaviorism. Classical Conditioning: a method to study learning which is based on the idea that behavior change results from external events (rewards, punishment).

Question 5

Edward Thorndike

Answer 5

Instrumental Conditioning

Question 6

B.F. Skinner

Answer 6

Operant Conditioning. Adds reinforcement as a means to increase the likelihood of a behavior (or punishment to decrease it). Related to shaping, which reflects the action of a trainer/teacher to evoke effective behaviors over time (e.g., circus animals)

Question 7

Noam Chomsky

Answer 7

Universal grammar. Learn language by abstracting general rules of grammar.

Question 8

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 8

Learning and forgetting. Looked at learning of nonsense syllables; studies backward and forward interference.

Question 9

Jean Piaget (development stages)

Answer 9

Development stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, operational, formal operational. Children -constructivist approach.

Question 10

Jean Piaget (disequilibrium)

Answer 10

A state of cognitive conflict that arises when one’s existing way of thinking is not confirmed by experience. Using assimilation and accommodation, can move from disequilibrium to equilibrium which drives cognitive growth.

Question 11

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 11

Sociocultural perspective - cognitive development emerges from social interactions with parents, teachers, peers, and others in society. He advocated guided participation instead of discovery learning. Zone of proximal development - student cannot master the task on their own, but can accomplish with appropriate guidance

Question 12

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 12

Sociocultural perspective - cognitive development emerges from social interactions with parents, teachers, peers, and others in society. He advocated guided participation instead of discovery learning. Zone of proximal development - student cannot master the task on their own, but can accomplish with appropriate guidance

Question 13

Role of Language in Cognitive Development: Piaget

Answer 13

Thought –> Language. Thought precedes language, and language is a by-product of cognitive development.

Question 14

Role of Language in Cognitive Development: Vygotsky

Answer 14

Language –> Cognitive development. Language is a social bridge to connect a mentor’s advanced development with a novice’s immature development, and language creates cognitive development.